Population & Migration Unit 2 Flashcards
Distribution
Pattern of human settlement or spread of people across the Earth.
Has population distribution changed a lot over time?
No; people stay towards the aspects of the landscape that are good for them, and they will not move towards areas that are not suitable for living.
Population Distribution determiners : Physical Factors
mountains/hills, rivers/lakes, ocean access, grassland/desert, natural resources, (climate zones - close to Equator = tropics, Mid-latitudes = temperate climate, High-Latitude = less people/cold)
Population Distribution determiners : Human Factors
Religious sites, political power, established urban areas, access to transportation
Density
Measures the average number of people in an area; how crowded an area is. (People per sq. mile/km)
How to calculate ARITHMETIC density
Calculated by dividing a region’s population by its total area.
(Although, unless we have a map or know major cities, we don’t know pattern of distribution) (clustering,linear)
How to calculate PHYSIOLOGICAL density
Calculated by dividing the population by the amount of arable/farm land.
(Higher # = less arable land)
How to calculate AGRICULTURAL density
The number of farmers to the area of arable land.
(Low # = core country, industrialized, less farmers)
(High # = periphery country, less technology, more farmers, less industralized)
Population distribution ECONOMIC affects (Rural)
Businesses are less likely to invest in rural areas because less access to businesses and not as many job opportunities
Population distribution ECONOMIC affects (Urban)
Businesses are more likely to invest in urban areas because more job opportunities and more competition to get jobs.
Population Distribution (GOVERNMENTAL DECISIONS)
Rural and urban areas can feel disassociated when voting, rural areas feel like voting doesn’t contribute to national vote, politicians can alter district lines to include/disinclude certain voters
Population Distribution SOCIAL affects
Social services such as healthcare, education, childcare, people prioritize the urban areas even though these same effects are also happening in the rurla areas even if not as much
Environmental Implications of Population Distribution
Overpopulation, desertification, deforestation, water shortages, acidification, increased greenhouse gases, air pollution
Infrastructure and urban services of population distribution
Build up skyscrapers, public transportation, more people served by fewer buildings, diseases spread, congestion in public services.
Population Composition
The description of the characteristics of a group of people in terms of different factors
Population composition factors
Cultural background, ethnicity, age, sex, marital status, education, occupation, relationship to the head of the household
Population Pyramids
Tools to study population, age and gender data.
Sex Ratio
of male births divided by # of female births x100.
(Higher than 100 - more male births, lower = more female births, 100 exactly = the same)
Dependency Ratio
Number of people not working.
Number of working people divided by the working population x 100
High # means more services needed
Population Pyramid Growth trends
Wide base and tapers upward. Children at the bottom of the pyramid age, they will have children and continue the growth pattern.
Population Pyramid Decline trends
Narrow base with a wider top. Less children are being born and elderly population remains significant.
Baby Boom
Birth rate spikes, usually after war
Baby Bust
Lower birth rates after a baby boom
Baby Echo
Increase in births due to earlier boom
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
Number of live births each year per 1,000 people.
(# of live births/1,000 = CBR)
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
The average # of children that are born per woman in a country.
Reflect cultural norms of women.
Higher = wealthier, Lower = Poor
Sex Ratio
Ratio of males v. females in a region
Causes of changes in TFR
Industrial Revolution, increasing life expectancy (machines, not people), role of women in society, family planning.
Natural Increase Rate (NIR)
Population of which a population grows in a year. (Excluding migration)
Positive % = increase
Negative % = decrease
Life Expectancy
The number of years an average person will live.
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
The # of deaths per year for each 1,000 people
(Total deaths/1,000)
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
The # of children who die before their first birthday
Increased life expectancy reasons
Mechanized production, efficient transportation, food security/preservation, public sewer systems, clean water/sanitation, vaccines, antibiotics, improved medical procedures.
How to measure population change
NIR = (CBR-CDR)/10
Immigrants vs. Emigrants
The time needed to double a population
Demography
The study of statistics, such as births, deaths, and income which illustrate the changing structure of human popualtions
Demographic Transition
A process of change in a society’s population from high crude Birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase and higher total population.
Demographic Transition model (DTM)
The five stages of Demography a country can go through.
Dotted line = CBR
Dashed line = CDR
Solid line = total pop.
DTM Information
Each stage lasts for an intermediate amount of time, periphery countries are in the low stages. Countries cannot revert back to a previous stage.
Stage 1 - DTM
Low Growth/High Stationary
Very high CBR & CDR
Very low NIR
No countries at all in this stage
hunter gatherers, no technology
Stage 2 - DTM
High Growth/Early Expanding
High CBR and NIR
Rapidly declining CDR
Improved medical tech jumped many countries into this stage
Stage 2 Population Pyramid - DTM
Wide base, skinny top
High birth rate, low life expectancy
Rapid pop. growth
lots of babies small elderly
Stage 3 - DTM
Moderate Growth/Late Expanding
Rapidly declining CBR
Moderately declining CDR
Moderate NIR
CBR is greater than CDR so pop. still grows
Lower CBR related to economy
Europe/North America in early 1900s
Stage 3 Population Pyramid - DTM
Urbanizing nation
Declining CBR and more slowly declining CDR
Society = young, elderly increasing
Narrow-ish bottom area
lots of middle aged
not a lot of elderly
Stage 4 - DTM
Very low CBR
Low or increasing CDR
0 or negative NIR
ZERO POP. GROWTH
Typically a result of the status of women in that society.
Stage 4 Population Pyramid - DTM
Not lots of elderly people 85-100
Lots of 30-40
Lots of young people ages 0-40
Most largest area is 25-40
Stage 5 - DTM
Declining
Very low CBR
Increasing CDR
Declining NIR
Lots of low CBR means fewer women of childbearing years
+ for environment, - for the economy
Russia and Japan here now
Stage 5 Population Pyramid - DTM
Decreased population entirely
Decreasing birth rate
Largest amount of older middle aged people
Epidemiology
Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that are prevalent among a population at a particular time.
Epidemiology Transition Model
Identifies predictable stages in disease and life expectancy that countries experience as they go through the DTM
Thomas Malthus thinks…
Population will grow faster than the amount of food production we have.
Who is Thomas Malthus
British economist who published books about the population.
Work focused on the relationship between people and the Earth in the 1700s.
When was Malthus around?
In England around Malthus’ time, the 1st Revolution Occurs.
Lots of people were optimistic about technology that could improve life but he didn’t.
Info behind Malthus’ theory
Because people need food to survive AND people have a natural desire to reproduce, Malthus argued that society was on the path to massive starvation.
Why did Malthus thinks this?
Malthus thought that food production would grow arithmetically but the population would grow exponentially.
Natural Checks
Famine, disease, war
Problems with Malthus’ theory.
Food production grew more quickly than he thought
Famine did not read the scale he feared
Significant control over reproduction
Anti-Natalist Policies
Programs to decrease the # of births
Pro-Natalist Policies
Programs to increase the # of births
Why were people Pro-Natalist?
A growing population stimulates the economy.
Increases military power
Incentivise older people to have more kids by paid time off.
Why were people Anti-natalist?
Reduced CBR with the ONE CHILD POLICY
Must get a permit to have a child
Man cannot marry until 22, women until 20
Fewer adult workers
Imbalance in gender
Language is…
A system of communication through movement or speech that a group of people understand to have the same meaning.
Literary Tradition is…
A language that also had written communication.
Language Facts:
Humans can share ideas through language.
Language can also create a sense of Place and be visible in the cultural landscape.
7,000 languages today.
Linguists
A scientist who studies language
Language Family
A collection of languages related through a common ancestral language that existed long before recorded human history.
There are 15 language families today.
Institutional Language
Used in education, work, media, and government.
Isolated Language
Unrelated to any other language
Extinct Language
Once used by people and daily activities but is no longer in use.
Official Language
Once used by government
Pidgin Language
A simplified mixture of two languages that has fewer grammar rules and a small vocabulary, but is not the native language of either group.
Creole Language
A new combined language when 2+ separate languages mix and develop a more formal structure and vocabulary. (Step beyond Pidgin)
Slang
Words used informally by segments of a place’s population
Dialect
A regional variation of a language distinguished by distinctive spelling, vocabulary, and pronunciation
Lingua Franca
A common language used by people who do not share the same native language.
Religion is…
An organized system of beliefs, ceremonies, practices, and worship that focus on the deepest of life’s mysteries.
Religion is NOT…
the same thing as race, nationality, or ethnicity
Atheism is…
The belief that God does not exist
Agnosticism is…
The belief that the existence of God cannot be proven
Fundamentalism
An attempt to follow literal interpretation of a religious faith.
Monotheism is…
The belief in one god
Polytheism is…
The belief in many gods
Ethnic Religions
Appealing to one group of people in one place
Universalizing Religions
Attempting to be global and seek converts regardless of ethnic backgrounds.
Theocracies is…
In which a county/nation is led by religious leaders and ruled by religious laws.
5 Major Religions of the world…
Christianity, Hinduism, Judaism, Buddhism, Islam
Hinduism - Ethnic Religion
Oldest religion,
Hearth - India
Diffused throughout the British empire
Judaism - Ethnic Religion
Hearth - Eastern Mediterranean
Relocation Diffusion
Persecution (Roman empire, Holocaust)
Nation of Israel?
Talmud and the 10 commandments
Buddhism - Universalizing Religion
Hearth - SE Asia
Siddhartha Guatama
Missionaries throughout SE Asia
Rapid spread on Silk Road
Contagious and Relocation Diffusion
Meditation and Eightfold Path
Islam - Universalizing Religion
Hearth - Middle East
600s AD
Islamic conquests
Trade ( Indian Ocean to SE Asia)
Qu’ran and 5 Pillars
Christianity - Universalizing Religion
Hearth - Roman Empire
Crusades + Age of Explorations
Immigration to the US
Relocation Diffusion
The Bible
Assimilation
Involves a dominant culture absorbing another - sometimes destroying, sometimes incorporating.
Acculturation
Borrowing/Adopting/sharing some traits without one culture overtaking another.
Syncretism
Involves something NEW being created from the combination of cultural traits.
Multiculturation
Coexisting but still distinct cultures in the landscape; traits remain separate.
MIgration
A change in residence intended to be permanent
Ravenstein’s 11 Laws of MIgration
Tend to travel within a short distance (steps)
Migrants are likely to move to, or stay in, cities.
Most international migrants are young males
Migration is more likely when tech is increased.
Net Migration
The difference between the numbers of immigrants and Emigrants.
Mobility
All types of movement of people
Push Factors
Negative circumstances or events in a country of origin that could force migration.
Pull factors
Positive circumstances drawing migrants into a place.
Social Migration factors
Relating to human society or its organization, culture, language, religion, ethnicity, social norms, gender roles, status.
Political MIgration Factors
Relating to government, public affairs, electoral system or a territory and laws and policies, empowerment, boundaries, sovereignty, territoriality, government.
Economic Migration Factors
Pertains to financial value. Trade, use of resources, level of development, jobs, sectors, inputs, access to healthcare and education.
Environmental Migration Factors
Describes the natural world and the impact of human activity sustainability, people’s impact on land, land’s impact on people, natural hazards, environmental hazards.
Demographic Migration Factors
Relating to the structure of human populations, CBR, CDR, NIR, HDI, Fertility, gender, age, cohorts, dependency, life expectancy, migration.
Intervening Obstacles
Barriers that migrants may face when trying to reach their final destinations.
Economic Intervening Obstacles
A migrant might lack $$$ to reach a destination
Social Intervening obstacles
A migrant could meet someone along the route and settle down there.
Political Intervening Obstacles
A migrant cannot get the proper paperwork or visa necessary to enter a country.
Environmental Intervening obstacles
A migrant cannot make it across a body of water, desert, or mountain range.
Voluntary Migration
Movement made by choice
Forced Migration
People do not choose to relocate, but do so under a threat of violence.
Why did people migrate to the United States?
Industrialization = job opportunities.
People seeking freedom from war, famine, persecution.
Chain Migration
Movement of migrants to specific communities where their relatives or friends already settled.
Ethnic Enclaves
Neighborhoods primarily filled with people of the same ethnic group.
Homestead Act of 1862
A program which the U.S. government gave land to settlers willing to stay and farm it, after 5 years the land becomes theirs.
Quota Act of 1921
Limited the number of immigrants by imposing quotas based on country of birth.
National Origins Act of 1924
Similar to the Quota Act, imposing strict controls on the number of immigrants from any specific country.
Xenophobia
The fear of people from another country.
Passport
Required to legally emigrate from a country (even for travel or vacation)
Visa
Required to legally immigrate to a new country.
Brain Drain
Losing big brained young skilled, working age people
Remittances
Money sent by immigrants to family and friends in the country they left.
