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Geography > Urban Environments > Flashcards

Urban Environments Flashcards

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1
Q

What is urbanisation?

A

A process where an increasing proportion of people live in towns and cities

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2
Q

What are some factors that may have increased urbanisation?

A

Natural increase

Rural to urban migration

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3
Q

What are the push factors for rural areas?

A
  • War in sparse areas
  • Lack of supplies (famine)
  • Lack of jobs (mechanisation)
  • High crime rate
  • Natural disasters
  • less access to education
  • Less access to medicine
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4
Q

What are the pull factors to urban areas?

A
  • Access to good education
  • More housing in better conditions
  • More access to health care
  • More jobs
  • Access to entertainment
  • Police, ambulances, and fire team (safety)
  • easy transportation
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5
Q

What happens when the population increases?

A

As the population increases so does the amount of people living in urban areas.

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6
Q

What is the average 1 bed flat price in the CBD, Inner-city, Inner-suburbs and outer-suburbs?

A

CBD: £880,000
Inner-city: £620,000
Inner-suburbs: £410,000
Outer-suburbs: £230,000

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7
Q

What ate some of the issues within urban areas?

A
  • Busy streets/ traffic
  • Higher crime rates
  • Can struggle to find a job
  • Housing
  • Overcrowding
  • Social divide
  • Pollution
  • Poverty
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8
Q

What are the 5 problems in an MEDC urban area?

A

1: Housing
2: Old factories in inner-city - no space
3: Traffic
4: Decline of the CBD
5: Multiculturalism

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9
Q

Why is there an increase in demand for housing?

A

There is an increase in the amount of people living alone

Also an ageing population- make up for 1/5 of the housing

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10
Q

What is a brownfield site?

A

Land that has been built on before and is to be cleared and reused

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11
Q

What is a greenfield site?

A

Land that has not been built on before, usually in the country side or on the edge of a built up area.

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12
Q

What is green belt land?

A

Protected land around larger urban centres, and maintain the designated area for forestry and agriculture as well as to provide habitat for wildlife.

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13
Q

How much green belt land is there in England?

A

About 13% of the total area in England

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14
Q

List some advantages of brownfield sites

A
  • Land is cheaper
  • Good use of waste land
  • Plots will be larger
  • Roads already exist
  • Near facilities and work in central areas
  • Utilities already provided
  • Easy to get planning permission
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15
Q

What is a disadvantage of Brownfield sites?

A

More homes in the town or city which results in traffic jams as there are more cars and people

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16
Q

What are the advantages of using greenfield sites?

A
  • Sites do not need cleaning so can be cheaper
  • People are attracted to rural idyll
  • More space for gardens
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17
Q

What are the disadvantages of using greenfield sites?

A
  • Drive wildlife away
  • Less land for farming
  • More countryside gets covered in concrete
  • Tress get cut down
  • More traffic in country roads
  • More household rubbish
  • Spoil the appearance of the area
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18
Q

Give an example of inner- city redevelopments

A

London Docklands, The London Docklands Development corporation.

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19
Q

Why did the London Docklands need to be regenerated?

A
  • The docks were too small for modern container ships, so the Docklands were being used less
  • Unemployment was high amongst unskilled former dockers
  • Housing and flats were of a poor standard
  • Derelict land still remains from bomb damage in the war
  • The transport system was inadequate
20
Q

How was the Docklands regenerated?

A

The London Docklands Development corporation (LDDC) sold on parts of the land to businesses that wanted to build there. Companies who built there received government grants and tax relief for a period of time.

21
Q

Give another example of inner-city redevelopment

A

Hulme, Manchester, City challenge

22
Q

Why were the Hulme crescents built?

A

They were built to separate people from traffic and to create more green open spaces

23
Q

What happened to the new housing?

A

The plan to create a better place to live failed. The crime rate went up,people were scared to go out at night and the flats were treated poorly.

24
Q

How did they change the problems in Hulme?

A

They built new housing with greens courtyards, roof gardens, balconies and window boxes.
Buildings were destined to conserve water and enable heating to be kept as low as possible.

25
Q

Why is traffic increasingly a problem in MEDC cities?

A
  • As young people become older they can drive, resulting in more people on the road.
  • Bus lanes reduce the amount of lanes cars can use
  • More traffic lights which backs cars up
  • Roads are too narrow for cars to travel down
  • Less people walking, more driving
26
Q

What are the consequences of traffic congestion?

A
  • Noise pollution -> house prices go down
  • Trouble commuting
  • Higher emissions -> air pollution
  • Higher risk of accidents
  • Emergency services struggle to travel quickly to incidents
  • Road rage
  • Light pollution
  • People use more petrol
27
Q

Give some solutions to traffic in the city

A
  • Boris bikes -> hire a bike for as little as £2, there are more than 10,000 bikes in London
  • Congestion charges -> Stockholm, motorists charge between 06:30 and 18:30 to enter central city on weekdays
  • Cycle super highway
  • Pedestrianise areas
  • Public transport -> exclusive lanes for buses
28
Q

Why might a CBD go into Decline?

A
  • Crowded streets - harder to move around
  • Build up of mass traffic -> people avoid areas
  • Smog/ pollution
  • Run down building -> no one wants to move in (spiral of decline)
  • Prices of buildings go up -> unaffordable
  • Businesses are finding cheaper places to rent
29
Q

What is the zone of discard?

A

Once part of the CBD but now in decline and characterised by low status shops, warehouses and vacant property.

30
Q

Give an example of a squatter settlement

A

Kibera, Nairobi, Kenya

31
Q

What has been the estimated population of Kibera?

A

One-two million

32
Q

How many people live on less than £1.50 a day in Kibera?

A

3 million people

33
Q

What is the highest paid job in Kibera?

A

Prostitution

34
Q

How many people are there in 1 1/2 miles in the squatter settlement of Nairobi?

A

1 million people

35
Q

What percentage of children won’t live until their 5th birthday in Nairobi slums?

A

20%

36
Q

What are self-help schemes?

A

When the government give people tools and training to improve their home. Low-interest loans may be used to help people fund these changes. People may be given legal ownership of land.

37
Q

What are site and service schemes?

A

Occurs where land is divided into individual plots and water, sanitation, electricity and basic track layout are supplied before any building by residents begins.

38
Q

What self-help strategies have been used in Nairobi?

A
  • Government are teaching people to build houses for the future
  • People are working to unblock main sewage pipes to place better drainage systems
  • planning to build 182 communal toilet blocks
  • Giving people jobs
39
Q

What site and service strategies have been used in Nairobi?

A
  • Tarred roads, mobile clinics and police stations made from shipping containers, working lights and free wifi has all been placed in part of the Nairobi slums.
  • Trucks collect rubbish
  • KENSUP made multi storied flats for people,from slums to move into, this didn’t work as the flats were unreliable
40
Q

What is electronic waste?

A

When electronics are dumped in one area
- poor workers of LEDC’s boil, crush or burn the e-waste. This releases toxic chemicals such as lead which can pose serious health risks.

41
Q

When was the Bhopal disaster?

A

1984

42
Q

What caused the leak in Bhopal?

A

Methyl isocyanate gas escaped when a valve in the plant’s underground storage tank broke under pressure.

43
Q

How many people needed medical attention in the Bhopal disaster?

How many people died in the Bhopal disaster?

A

More than 20,000

Nearly 3,000

44
Q

Define sustainability

A

To meet the needs of today without compromising the ability of those in the future to meet theirs.

45
Q

Give a sustainable settlement example

A

Brazil - Curitiba

46
Q

What have they done in Curitiba?

A
  • Created small green spaces and park to help preserve the rivers course
  • Curitiba’s bus rapid system (BRT) results in 25% lower carbon emissions per capita.
  • ‘Exchanges trash and recyclables for bus tokens, food and cash form those living in flavelas

Geography (6 decks)

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