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Geography > The Restless Earth > Flashcards

The Restless Earth Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four layers of the earth?

A

Crust
Mantle
Outer core
Inner core

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2
Q

Name the different plates

A 
Eurasian plate
Pacific plate
Indo-Australian plate 
Antarctic plate
North American plate
Nazca plate 
South American plate
African plate
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3
Q

What processes happens at a destructive plate margin?

A

Oceanic and continental plates push together.
Denser oceanic crust is forced down into the mantle (subduction) forming and ocean trench.
Continental crust is compressed to form a crumple.
Major earthquakes occur when the plates move

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4
Q

What processes happen at constructive plate boundaries?

A

Oceanic or continental plates pull apart.
Lava erupts forming shield volcanoes.
Undersea volcanoes form mid-ocean ridges.
Minor earthquakes occur when the plates move.

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5
Q

What processes take place at conservative plate margins?

A

Plates are pushed in different directions, or in the same direction at different speeds.
Plates remain locked together until the rock breaks along a fault line.
Major earthquakes occur as stored energy is released
There are no volcanoes.

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6
Q

What processes take place at a collision margin?

A

Two continental plates collide together. When they collide the land is crumpled upwards.

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of a composite volcano?

A

Steep sloped sides, especially near the summit, due to partly thick and short viscous lava flows.
Narrow base
Infrequent but often violent eruptions

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of a shield volcano?

A

Gentle upper slopes
Composed almost entirely of relatively thin lava flows built up over a central vent
Formed by runny basaltic magma that flows easily down slope
Wide base

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of a super volcano?

A

Massive explosive eruptions of ash
The crater can be over 40 miles wide
They erupt around 1,000km cubed of materials hey have a ridge of higher land around them

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10
Q

How are the size of earthquakes measured?

A

The Richter scale

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11
Q

How is the size of destruction monitored?

A

The mercalli scale

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12
Q

Give an example of where fold mountains are used

A

The Andes, Peru, South America

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13
Q

What are the Andes used for?

A

Farming.
Mining.
Hydroelectric power.
Tourism.

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14
Q

What do they farm in the Andes?

A

Llamas for their wool, meat and milk.
Llamas also carry supplies through inaccessible areas.
Terraces are made on hillsides to grow crops easily.

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15
Q

What do they mine in the Andes in yanacocha?

A

Nickel
Gold
Silver
Tin

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16
Q

What types of things can tourists do in the Andes?

A 
Visit glaciers
Skiing
Hiking (inca trail)
Rock climbing
Visit the army settlement of Machu Picchu
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17
Q

How were the Andes formed?

A

South American and Nazca plate subduction, so the the continental plate is being crumpled to form the mountains.

18
Q

How is volcanic activity monitored?

A

Tilt meters: detecting change in slope by shifting magma

GPS: show change in land and detects change in surface temp

19
Q

Give an example where there was a volcanic disaster.

A

Montserrat, Caribbean

20
Q

When did the eruption start? And when did it end?

A

It started in April 1995

It ended in June 1997

21
Q

List some primary effects of the Montserrat eruption

A

19 people killed
2/3rds of the island covered in ash
Main airport and port closed

22
Q

List some of the secondary effects of the Montserrat eruption.

A

27 people were killed by 1997
People had to move into converted low security prison
Homes, businesses and infrastructure destroyed

23
Q

List some of the immediate responses to the Montserrat eruption.

A

South of the island was exclusion zone
Large scale evacuation by British navy
Donations by other countries for support
Unemployment rose due to the collapse of the tourist industry

24
Q

List some of the long term response to the Montserrat eruption

A

Exclusion zone set up in the volcanic region
A volcanic observatory was set up to monitor the volcanic activity
New roads and airport was built
Some people couldn’t return home due to their homes being in the exclusion

25
Q

Give an example of an LEDC earthquake and the date.

A

Haiti, Port au Prince
12th January, 2010, 16:53
7.0 magnitude

26
Q

List some primary effects of the Haiti earthquake

A 
300,000 people injured
Main prison destroyed so 4,000 in mates escaped
Electricity supplies damaged
Public were not sure what was going on 
Main hospital destroyed
27
Q

List some of the secondary effects of the Haiti earthquake

A

The heat and humidity started to decay corpses left in the rubble, leading to disease
Cholera outbreak due to poor sanitation
500,000 people still living rough when rainy season began in March
Mass graves dug

28
Q

List the immediate responses to the Haiti earthquake

A

Neighbouring Dominican Republic provided emergency water and medical supplies.
Emergency rescue teams arrived from a number of countries
United Nations troops and police were sent to help distribute aid and keep order

29
Q

List the secondary responses of the Haiti earthquake

A

After one year there was still 1,300 camps
Money was pledged by organisations and governments to assist in rebuilding
‘Cash for Work’ programs are paying Haitians to clear rubble

30
Q

Give an example of an MEDC earthquake

A

Los Angeles, USA
7th January, 1994
6.6 on the Richter scale

31
Q

What caused the quake in LA?

A

The earthquake happened on a thrust fault along northern fringes of the valley. The plates were grinding past each other creating violent jolts.

32
Q

List some immediate effects of the LA quake

A 
57 deaths
1,500 people seriously injured
9000 homes/ businesses without electricity
20000 without Gas 
11 major roads closed
33
Q

List some long term effects of the LA quake

A

Roads were blocked so no transport in or out of LA
Damage to buildings/water supplies/electricity/gas
$20 billion in loss

34
Q

Give some responses to the La quake

A

Short term: U.S.G.S (United States Geological Society) started analysing data and broadcasting information to the public
Medium term: schools reopened after a couple of weeks
information leaflets were given out
Long term: NEHRP agencies assisted local, state and federal jurisdictions to carry out recovery, reconstruction and mitigation processes

35
Q

Give an example of a country where a tsunami took place

A

Japan’s north-eastern coast

There was a 9.0 magnitude earthquake that caused the tsunami

36
Q

What caused the tsunami in Japan?

A

There is subduction happening with the Pacific going under the Eurasian plate.
It is at a destructive plate margins of fiction is present and the plates stick.
When the pressure builds up and is released, it causes a rapid shift in the plates and a lot of energy to be released.

37
Q

List some primary impacts of the Japan tsunami.

A

15,854 deaths
26,992 injuries
3,155 people missing
130,000 buildings collapsed

38
Q

List some secondary impacts of the Japan tsunami

A

300 tonnes of active material leaked from the Fukushima power plant
Boats were destroyed, so many fishing jobs were lost

39
Q

List some long term impacts of the Japan tsunami

A

300,000 people lost their homes
People were still Irving in temporary homes 2 years after
Soil was contaminated

40
Q

List some immediate responses to the tsunami

A

Many people went outside went the earthquake struck so many lives were saved there. However many didn’t react quickly enough to the tsunami alert from JMSA.
Many countries sent search and rescue teams to help look for survivors.
Red Cross reported $1 billion in donations

41
Q

List some long term responses to the tsunami

A

Just six days are then tsunami motorways were being repaired
The tsunami warning system was upgraded
Research and development to reduce damage of future tsunamis and earthquakes

Geography (6 decks)

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