The Restless Earth

Question 1

What are the four layers of the earth?

Answer 1

Crust
Mantle
Outer core
Inner core

Question 2

Name the different plates

Answer 2

Eurasian plate
Pacific plate
Indo-Australian plate 
Antarctic plate
North American plate
Nazca plate 
South American plate
African plate

Question 3

What processes happens at a destructive plate margin?

Answer 3

Oceanic and continental plates push together.
Denser oceanic crust is forced down into the mantle (subduction) forming and ocean trench.
Continental crust is compressed to form a crumple.
Major earthquakes occur when the plates move

Question 4

What processes happen at constructive plate boundaries?

Answer 4

Oceanic or continental plates pull apart.
Lava erupts forming shield volcanoes.
Undersea volcanoes form mid-ocean ridges.
Minor earthquakes occur when the plates move.

Question 5

What processes take place at conservative plate margins?

Answer 5

Plates are pushed in different directions, or in the same direction at different speeds.
Plates remain locked together until the rock breaks along a fault line.
Major earthquakes occur as stored energy is released
There are no volcanoes.

Question 6

What processes take place at a collision margin?

Answer 6

Two continental plates collide together. When they collide the land is crumpled upwards.

Question 7

What are the characteristics of a composite volcano?

Answer 7

Steep sloped sides, especially near the summit, due to partly thick and short viscous lava flows.
Narrow base
Infrequent but often violent eruptions

Question 8

What are the characteristics of a shield volcano?

Answer 8

Gentle upper slopes
Composed almost entirely of relatively thin lava flows built up over a central vent
Formed by runny basaltic magma that flows easily down slope
Wide base

Question 9

What are the characteristics of a super volcano?

Answer 9

Massive explosive eruptions of ash
The crater can be over 40 miles wide
They erupt around 1,000km cubed of materials hey have a ridge of higher land around them

Question 10

How are the size of earthquakes measured?

Answer 10

The Richter scale

Question 11

How is the size of destruction monitored?

Answer 11

The mercalli scale

Question 12

Give an example of where fold mountains are used

Answer 12

The Andes, Peru, South America

Question 13

What are the Andes used for?

Answer 13

Farming.
Mining.
Hydroelectric power.
Tourism.

Question 14

What do they farm in the Andes?

Answer 14

Llamas for their wool, meat and milk.
Llamas also carry supplies through inaccessible areas.
Terraces are made on hillsides to grow crops easily.

Question 15

What do they mine in the Andes in yanacocha?

Answer 15

Nickel
Gold
Silver
Tin

Question 16

What types of things can tourists do in the Andes?

Answer 16

Visit glaciers
Skiing
Hiking (inca trail)
Rock climbing
Visit the army settlement of Machu Picchu

Question 17

How were the Andes formed?

Answer 17

South American and Nazca plate subduction, so the the continental plate is being crumpled to form the mountains.

Question 18

How is volcanic activity monitored?

Answer 18

Tilt meters: detecting change in slope by shifting magma

GPS: show change in land and detects change in surface temp

Question 19

Give an example where there was a volcanic disaster.

Answer 19

Montserrat, Caribbean

Question 20

When did the eruption start? And when did it end?

Answer 20

It started in April 1995

It ended in June 1997

Question 21

List some primary effects of the Montserrat eruption

Answer 21

19 people killed
2/3rds of the island covered in ash
Main airport and port closed

Question 22

List some of the secondary effects of the Montserrat eruption.

Answer 22

27 people were killed by 1997
People had to move into converted low security prison
Homes, businesses and infrastructure destroyed

Question 23

List some of the immediate responses to the Montserrat eruption.

Answer 23

South of the island was exclusion zone
Large scale evacuation by British navy
Donations by other countries for support
Unemployment rose due to the collapse of the tourist industry

Question 24

List some of the long term response to the Montserrat eruption

Answer 24

Exclusion zone set up in the volcanic region
A volcanic observatory was set up to monitor the volcanic activity
New roads and airport was built
Some people couldn’t return home due to their homes being in the exclusion

Question 25

Give an example of an LEDC earthquake and the date.

Answer 25

Haiti, Port au Prince
12th January, 2010, 16:53
7.0 magnitude

Question 26

List some primary effects of the Haiti earthquake

Answer 26

300,000 people injured
Main prison destroyed so 4,000 in mates escaped
Electricity supplies damaged
Public were not sure what was going on 
Main hospital destroyed

Question 27

List some of the secondary effects of the Haiti earthquake

Answer 27

The heat and humidity started to decay corpses left in the rubble, leading to disease
Cholera outbreak due to poor sanitation
500,000 people still living rough when rainy season began in March
Mass graves dug

Question 28

List the immediate responses to the Haiti earthquake

Answer 28

Neighbouring Dominican Republic provided emergency water and medical supplies.
Emergency rescue teams arrived from a number of countries
United Nations troops and police were sent to help distribute aid and keep order

Question 29

List the secondary responses of the Haiti earthquake

Answer 29

After one year there was still 1,300 camps
Money was pledged by organisations and governments to assist in rebuilding
‘Cash for Work’ programs are paying Haitians to clear rubble

Question 30

Give an example of an MEDC earthquake

Answer 30

Los Angeles, USA
7th January, 1994
6.6 on the Richter scale

Question 31

What caused the quake in LA?

Answer 31

The earthquake happened on a thrust fault along northern fringes of the valley. The plates were grinding past each other creating violent jolts.

Question 32

List some immediate effects of the LA quake

Answer 32

57 deaths
1,500 people seriously injured
9000 homes/ businesses without electricity
20000 without Gas 
11 major roads closed

Question 33

List some long term effects of the LA quake

Answer 33

Roads were blocked so no transport in or out of LA
Damage to buildings/water supplies/electricity/gas
$20 billion in loss

Question 34

Give some responses to the La quake

Answer 34

Short term: U.S.G.S (United States Geological Society) started analysing data and broadcasting information to the public
Medium term: schools reopened after a couple of weeks
information leaflets were given out
Long term: NEHRP agencies assisted local, state and federal jurisdictions to carry out recovery, reconstruction and mitigation processes

Question 35

Give an example of a country where a tsunami took place

Answer 35

Japan’s north-eastern coast

There was a 9.0 magnitude earthquake that caused the tsunami

Question 36

What caused the tsunami in Japan?

Answer 36

There is subduction happening with the Pacific going under the Eurasian plate.
It is at a destructive plate margins of fiction is present and the plates stick.
When the pressure builds up and is released, it causes a rapid shift in the plates and a lot of energy to be released.

Question 37

List some primary impacts of the Japan tsunami.

Answer 37

15,854 deaths
26,992 injuries
3,155 people missing
130,000 buildings collapsed

Question 38

List some secondary impacts of the Japan tsunami

Answer 38

300 tonnes of active material leaked from the Fukushima power plant
Boats were destroyed, so many fishing jobs were lost

Question 39

List some long term impacts of the Japan tsunami

Answer 39

300,000 people lost their homes
People were still Irving in temporary homes 2 years after
Soil was contaminated

Question 40

List some immediate responses to the tsunami

Answer 40

Many people went outside went the earthquake struck so many lives were saved there. However many didn’t react quickly enough to the tsunami alert from JMSA.
Many countries sent search and rescue teams to help look for survivors.
Red Cross reported $1 billion in donations

Question 41

List some long term responses to the tsunami

Answer 41

Just six days are then tsunami motorways were being repaired
The tsunami warning system was upgraded
Research and development to reduce damage of future tsunamis and earthquakes