Population And Migration Flashcards
What is the demographic transition model (DTM)?
It is a graph that shows 5 stages of development in countries over the world. It shows how changes in birth rates and death rates affect population growth in countries.
What happens at the first stage of the DTM?
- Birth rates are high due to lack of contraception
- Death rates high due to poor diets and disease
- Population grows very slowly
What happens in the second stage of the DTM?
- Birth rates are high as children are needed for labour
- Death rates fall due to improved duets and healthcare
- Population grows rapidly
What happens in the third stage of the DTM?
- Birth rates fall due to growth of urban areas (so less labour is needed on farms)
- Death rates low due to good diets and healthcare
- Population growth is still rapid but starts to slow down nearer the end of stage 3
What happens in the fourth stage of the DTM?
- Birth rates low as women’s rights improve, and contraception becomes easily available
- Death rates low due to high-quality healthcare
- Population is stable
What happens in the fifth stage of the DTM?
- Birth rates fall as women choose higher education and careers over having children
- Death rates low due to continued medical advances
- Population declines slowly
What is natural population increase?
When the birth rate is higher than the death rate
What is natural population decrease?
When the death rate is higher than the birth rate
What is the birth rate?
The number of live births per thousand people of the population per year
What is the death rate?
The number of deaths per one thousand people per year
What is infant mortality?
The death rate of children under the age of one year
What is the life expectancy?
The average period that a person may expect to live
What is the dependent population?
Those who rely on the working population for support
What is the economically active population?
The fraction of a population that is either employed or actively seeking employment.
Give an example of a birth control policy (anti-natal)
China’s one child policy established in 1979
What did the one child policy mean in China?
The each couple was allowed just one child. For doing this they are given benefits in many forms.
What are the positive effects of the one child policy?
- The birth rate decreases which later decreases the rate of population growth
- Families are given healthcare and childcare
- Increased access to education for all
What are the negative effects of the one child policy?
- Children are spoilt (little emperors/empresses)
- Obesity is becoming a problem
- Ageing population
- Increase in abortions
- Bare branches (men can’t find partners)
- More boys born than girls ( for ever 100 girls born, 120 boys are born)
What are some of the changes to the policy?
- People in rural areas can have more than one child to help on the farms
- Couples can now have to children if they themselves were an only child (2015)
What are some of the impacts of an ageing population?
- Higher retirement age (need more money in the country)
- More people in hospital
- More doctors are needed
- Less funding on schools
Give an example of a pro-natal policy
France which began in 1939 (Code de la famille)
Why was the Code de la famille put in place?
Because France was concerned that professional women were choosing not to have children. The government were worried that the population was not going to replace itself over time.
What were the reasons for low fertility in France?
Education: people are more aware of the availability of contraception and consequences of unplanned pregnancies.
Women in careers: women may choose to follow their career choice rather than start a family whilst young
Later marriages
State benefits: couples no longer need children to care for them when older
What were the policies put in place in France?
- Cash incentive of £675 monthly for a mother to stay off work for one year following the birth of her third child
- carte famille nombreuse, given large reduction on train fares
- Income tax based on the more children the less tax to pay
- Three years paid parental leave
- Government subsidised daycare for children under the age of three, and full time school places doe over threes paid for by the government
Give an example of a non-birth control solution
Population control in Kerela, South west coast of India
Why did the non-birth control solution happen?
Education: both men and women can get jobs. Education on contraception
State benefit: don’t need children to look after them
Careers: better opportunities for women, men and women become focuses on careers so there are later marriages.
Give a definition of migration
Migration is the movement of people from one per,me and home to another, with the intention of staying for at least a year.
List some push factors that effect migration
- War in an area
- Low standard of living
- Lack of jobs
- Lack of housing
- Natural disaster
- High crime rate
List some pull factors that effect migration
- Better health care
- More housing
- More job opportunities
- Good weather
- No war
- Good benefit system
Give an example case study of migration within the EU
Poland to England
What is happening with migration from Poland and why?
On the 1st of April, 2004, Poland was one of the ten countries admitted to the EU. So by law any of the polish residents could move freely amongst the EU.
Lost some positive effects of Polish migration on the UK
£25 billion contributed to the economy by Eastern European immigrants
80% of migrants between 18 and 35 years old contribute to help the UK cope with ageing population
New migrants are hard working, skilled and flexible
They take undesired low paid jobs
List some negative effects migration from Poland has on the UK
- Tension on areas the have previously not experienced large scale migration
- Demand for housing leading to higher rents/prices
- Stress on the NHS
- Exploitation of worker by unscrupulous employers
Positive effects of migration from Poland to the Uk on Poland
- Less pressure of resources
Give some negative effects of migration from Poland on Poland
- The average unemployment percentage in Poland is 18.5% in 2005
- Youth unemployment around 40%
- Less skilled workers in the country as they are abroad seeking jobs
Give am example of forced migration from outside the EU
Afghanistan, fleeing continually since 1979
What are the push factors from Afghanistan?
- War in the country
- Unsafe for people to live there
- Many people are being killed
What are the pull factors toward Europe from Afghanistan?
Relatives or friend in that country
They can get jobs easily
