urban environments

Question 1

site

Answer 1

land on which it is built

Question 2

situation

Answer 2

situation of a site refers to its relationship with the surrounding area

Question 3

urban function

Answer 3

the reason or purpose for being
- ex) mining town, accommodation, transport hub, fishing village, administrative center, manufacturing center

Question 4

urban occupation (primary)

Answer 4

agriculture, from the land

Question 5

secondary

Answer 5

manufacturing and factories (primary sources to production lines)

Question 6

tertiary

Answer 6

think more modern- transportations, education, financial services, health, etc

Question 7

quaternary

Answer 7

information or knowledge based, research, development, computer programming

Question 8

redlining and how much effect it really still has on modern american cities

Answer 8

• The federally sanctioned practice of labeling neighborhoods based on their population’s race and other socioeconomic characteristics in order to guide banks and other lending institutions to the best and most reliable possible loan opportunities.
• Highly discriminatory in nature
• Many argue that this practice song with racial covenant of the mid 20th century have helped lead to a systemic

Question 9

racial covenants

Answer 9

contract language in neighborhoods like Levittown where it barred residents from selling to people of color

Question 10

philly tax abatement

Answer 10

• for 10 years owners of the new construction pay taxes only on the value of the land underneath their building, not on the value of the buildings themselves. Owners of the rehabilitated properties are exempt from taxes on the value of the improvements.
• Main goal: encourage development, expand the city’s housing stock, and boost the local economy.

Question 11

examples

Answer 11

• gentrification: process where wealthy college-educated individuals begin to move into poor working class communities, often originally occupied by communities of color.

Question 12

ca

Question 13

causes

Answer 13

rise of single adults, center city and around universities, cheaper living prices

Question 14

addis ababa

Answer 14

check projects!

Question 15

urban stressors

Question 16

strategies to combat

Answer 16

• A light color will reflect solar graduation, while a dark color absorbs it (albedo)
  Time in which a material releases heat. Materials like brick have a long time lag, which results in radiating heat into the air during night time until sunrise. Instead of cooling the hard materials, hat is accumulated (using cinder blocks) Green corridors- using green ventilation corridors and construction bans, improved air quality and increased resilience against global warming
• The neckar river cycle path- the new route sextons allow green, safe, and efficient transportation between industrial and commercial centers and residential and leisure areas. It provides a way to include exercise in the daily life and greening the landscape along the river
• Green roofs- seta requirement for all new roofs below 12 degree slope must have green roofs. The GENO-Haus bank building features green roofs along with the first green roof bus in the world. This promotes sustainability by applying the green roof concept to buses.
• Urban water- water applications are more effective when water is moving or dispersing a fountain. The effect of oolong by water evaporation depends on the airflow that spreads the cool air through the city.

Question 17

smart cities

Answer 17

city that utilizes technology

Question 18

specific “smart” strategies for specific cities

Answer 18

• Singapore
• Dubai: using the government provided app, it allows you to do basically anything like pay a bill or parking ticket.
• Barcelona: smart street lights, parking sensors, garbage sensors,
• Estimated that cities will save 21 billion dollars by going “smart”

Question 19

poverty

Answer 19

cost of living varies between countries
- International poverty line set by the world bank (wB) for LICs- 215 a day
- $3.85 for LMICs
- $6.85 for UMICs
United states
- Varies by state (Someone living in oklahoma and rent and things will be less than someone living in california)
- 650 million people are living in extreme poverty

Question 20

extreme poverty

Answer 20

• below $2.15 a day in LICs

Question 21

informal economy

Answer 21

• jobs not legally recognized by a country’s government
• often do not pay taxes, are not legally protected and often require manual labor
• more prevalent in LICs/MiCs

Question 22

informal housing

Answer 22

• housing not legally sanctioned by the country’s government
• people are building houses out of anything
• it is not legal
• vulnerable people because they is like of water, electricity, etc

Question 23

poverty deprivation

Answer 23

lacking something needed for well-being due to poverty
examples:
Sanitary water
Adequate schooling
Food
Housing
Health care
Electricity

Question 24

multidimensional poverty

Answer 24

• poverty is very nuanced
• people experience it differently and it looks differently in every country and by different gender and ethnic groups

Question 25

Why is it important to take a multidimensional approach to poverty?

Answer 25

• not only poor because of income but also because of poor health, educations, etc
• mexico became the first country to develop a multidimensional poverty
• can help governments in different countries focus more on the things they are lacking the most

Question 26

urban heat islands and how they are formed

Answer 26

• The absorption by concrete, brick, and tarmac of heat during the day, and tis release into the lower atmosphere at night
• The absence of water in urban areas means that less energy is used for evapotranspiration and more is available to heat the lower atmosphere
• The reflection of solar radiation by glass buildings and windows
• Absence of strong winds to both disperse the heat and bring in cooler air from rural and suburban areas.
• Tall buildings can disturb airflow

Question 27

urban precipitation

Answer 27

the nature of rainfall varies during the year. In summer, rainfall is often of a showery nature, falling over short periods, and is normally more intense than in winter, when rainfall tends to be more frontal in character with falls occurring over longer periods.

Question 28

urban deindustrialized

Answer 28

when a country used to have a lot of factories and now they don’t

Question 29

ways to measure loss

Answer 29

• a decline in the percentage share of manufacturing employment compared to the percentage in other economic sectors
• reduction in the physical output of manufacturing
• a reduction in the percentage of the local economy produced by manufacturing
• a reduction in the income earned from manufacturing

Question 30

causes of industrialization

Answer 30

• Automation- as machinery becomes cheaper, more complex and more reliable it does the work that used to be done by humans
• Development of alternative industries as countries get richer, they develop more service industries switch take up a greater share of employment
• Movement to lower cost production centers: MICs such as china are now themselves
• Larger sites are required for efficiency: existing factory locations are too small for the mass prediction required to be profitable in the global marketplace, making historic urban industrial sites less competitive and more likely to close down.
• Transport developments: as more products are made for global export, the requirement to be

Question 31

negative social consequences

Answer 31

• The loss of jobs, homes, and healthcare (US)
• Reductions in the tax base, s less spending ons services like schools, police and fire
• Increase in crime
• Increases in abuse of drugs, alcohol, violence and depression
• Political impacts such as loss of trust in government
• Out-migration- remember redlining in the US

Question 32

positive social consequences

Answer 32

• By switching to less physical industries, the health of the population may increase
• The pollution caused by manufacturing may also decline, resulting in healthier environment
• May lead to more social mobility in some with wider range of options