Urban dynamics: large city (Sydney) Flashcards
social structure: spatial patterns of dis/advantage, wealth/poverty, ethnicity
pattern of inter-relationships of people in society
- well defined class structure, determined by occupation (prestige, financial reward and material lifestyle)-> still relatively egalitarian
- person’s ability to rent/buy in certain area–> reflect income, occupation, status
- spatial outcome= socioeconomic ranking of suburbs based on: income, occupation, education (eg. north/east sydney vs lower south)
- Hornsby plateau-Botany Bay invisible diagonal line
economic restructuring effects:
decrease: manufacturing, increase: service sector
- large gap between more/less advantaged
- pockets (sometimes whole districts) in poverty, unemployment, violence, poor health, general social stress
- Sydney has developed areas of wealth/privilege
changing economic character
- with globalisation/ advent of service/information revolution –> new Syd economy
- manufacturing declining (forced by suburbanisation, moving good workforce into suburbs)
- info services, communications tech has grown instead
nature/location of: industrial land
loss of manufacturing jobs in Syd’s central industrial area (CIA) from:
- suburbanisation (disadv. of inner city- obsolete plants, aging infrastructure, traffic congestion, costly land, limited expansion scope) from 1960s onwards
- global economic restructuring eg. growth of airfreight/ development of Port Botany as major shipping facility
CIA decline:
eg. Pyrmont-Ultimo, Green Square (Sth Syd), Barangaroo
- devoid of industry
- port facilities now–> major entertainment/ exhbition precinct (eg. Darling Harbour)
- large maritime warehouses into: commercial/non commercial uses
- working class cottages (terrace houses) now occupied by high paid professionals, gentrified homes, CBD lifestyle
suburbanisation of manufacturing:
most beneficial: (middle industrial areas) Rosehill, Auburn, Parramatta, Bankstown
- economic restructuring in early 1980s (internation comp, tariff reduction, deregulation) still have effects on industry
- recession in 1990s–> accelerated rate of change,
- industries relevant to new economy benefitted
- by 2000, Blacktown, Liverpool and Fairfield biggest factory agglomerations
new industrial estates:
Smithfield-Wetherill Park filling up, opened
- Campbelltown (S)
- Norwest/Baulko (NW)
- Gosford (N)
- Eastern Creek (W)
sydney intro/ significance:
- east coast of Australia (33’ 52S, 151’10E)
- international city connecting to world cities, global link to economy
- Australia’s financial capital, also regional corporate base for growing no. of TNCs in Asia-pacific region
changing economic character: commercial
IT and office sector:
- new office based info tech –> routine admin/clerical activities moved out of high rent CBD - low cost suburban locations
- trend today: high end functions- financial institutions in CBD vs. back office support in suburbs
- recognition of Sydney as BANKING/FINANCE centre
eg. North Syd. (focus of office employment in finance, property, business services)
- others: Norwest Business Park, Rhodes
- new edge cities: new economy functions highly conc. in prestigious areas (N/ NW) lacking in (W/ SW)
changing economic character: retail
- increase conc. (size not no. of stores) at expense of small retailers
- longer trading hrs (casualisation of workforce)
- changing consumer taste (to online shopping)
LPRSC: large planned regional shopping centre
- in response to demand from affluent/mobile customers in suburban Syd
- in retail perspective-> acheive economies of scale
- concept: David Jones/Myer magnet for whole centre
- architecture of LPRSC changed: retail, amusment, entertainment, food
- city-based stores responded to popularity –> differentiating themselves (eg. David Jones more up market)
New types of retail:
- cluster fast food outlets (maximise customer choice)
- bulk goods retail complexes for household products (IKEA, Harvey Norman, Good Guys) = retailers benefit from increased customer flow/ association with sellers of complementary products
- renewed factory outlet interest (DFO)
- CBD retailers made signifcant refurb for shoppers back to City (Westfield’s food court)
- influx of designer brands= Sydney status as WORLD CITY (Rolex, Armani, Cartier)
nature/ location: residential land- economic/social factors on where to live
1: land value patterns –> affect purchase price or rent
2. local residential env–> character of area, location relative to work
3. type of housing stock available–> older homes near city: redeveloped as higher density apartments, while cheaper outer suburbs dominated by low density, owner occupied homes
economic/ social processes:
eco:
- where you live depends to access -> financial resources
- more wealth = more choices
- result= spatial inequality/ patterns of adv/disadv
social:
- lifestyle factors (DINKS), family composition (children? ages?)
- singles/couples like med-high density housing
- family like lower density, with yard
new suburban development on periphery:
- primarily needs of families
- lots of low dens. detached dwellings
- access to freeways/motorways (NW- M2, SW- M7)
- development on previous bushland or market garden/chicken famr/ochard properties
residential infill/ replacement
- decline/abandoment of CIA = increase land close to City (Pyrmont, Green Square)
- Jacksons Landing typical of development on these sites:
(mix of housing/ historical buildings retained/ commercial elements introduced- cafes, offices)
building conversions:
gentrification: significant trend in inner city residential property
- maintains architectural heritage/ unique streetscapes
(eg. finger wharves)
mixed residential/ shared community facilities:
- new age dev.
- smaller blocks of land but access to common areas (sport facilities, playgrounds, commerical areas)
- eg. Liberty Grove, Newington
transport node dev:
- properties close to public transport nodes (rail station/ bus)–> favoured by non-family oriented households
- properties close to sites= higher density
demolition/rebuilding:
- urban replacement in response to lack of residential land
- common in post WWII suburbs
- land: more valuable asset vs older building
dual occupancy:
- diving suburban block into 2 residential sites
- modern way to increase density
- possible on smaller blocks
high density, inner city residential development:
- inner city more popular
- land acquisition/ building costs expensive = high price of housing units
spatial inequality:
- high conc. of poor neighbourhoods and vice verca forming
- poor neighbourhoods on outskirts of city LOCATIONAL DISADV
- isolated from services (legal aid, health care, child care)
- associated with high rates of crime, graffitti, vandalism, urban decay
- no go zones
high income areas:
- near natural waterways/ higher altitudes
- urban renewal close to city, CBD + waterways also cont. to high income households moving into these areas
low income areas:
- flatter, less attractive land (W, SW) more affordable
- urban decay evident also location factor
- characterised by public housing/ rental properties
employment:
- enhance material wellbeing= certain standard of living
- economic restructuring = decline of lower skilled etc.
- increase inequality= lack of education/skills prevent moving jobs
- traditional working class in Sydney W/SW/inner W = high unemployment
housing:
- increase social inequality: adequately housed–> too little to survive after mortgage/rent
- high income= support hight payments = more choice in market
- rising property values help landlord, disadv tenants with higher rents
- house price: value of home + land (location, env. amenity)
education:
socioeconomic status linked to education attainment
- retention rates, performance in external exams,
- distrubution of tertiary qualifications,
- parental expectations/ student aspirations critical is shaping educational outcomes (reflect socioeconomic background of student)
health care:
- gov tried to relocate services with population dist. (beds to W/SW- Westmead)
- politically difficult: community resistance= local hospital closures in inner city
- variation of medical services supplied –> differing quality of treatment (longer waiting list, hast treatment)
- oversupply of GPs in inner/northern suburbs, poorly serviced areas–> work longer hours
culture of place: architecture
- convict past, went through phase of self consciousness within international community (early 1900s)
- lead to strategies to raise Sydney’s cultural status (away from penal colony of England)
- Opera house 1950s, over 14yrs –> incorporated waves of 100 beaches on Sydney shores
- Sydney’s identity: blend of architecture/sea, heritage links to colonial past (QVB)
- modern design/ sustainability
culture of place: colour
- distinctly green, over 40 000ha of national parks in metro area,
- also blue-> clear skies and beaches, oceans (300km of coastline in wider metro area)
culture of place: streetscapes
- ‘old city’ in planning terms
- predating town planning/pre-planned street grids, but a ‘mish mash’ of suburbs and housing
- follow the natural contours of the land
- street names reflect industrial/manufacturing past: defining industry in the area (Lime st- where lime was shipped, Cherrybrook- Cherry groves planted in ealry 1800s)
culture of place: energy
- distinctive experience of mateship
- casual behaviour (hot climate, ok to wear swimmers in public)
- such values from establishments/past times of lifestyle
- each suburb had RSL (Returned Services League) where family oriented, community events held
- defined ethnic groups, multicultural lifeblood/commnity in city
- suburbs populated by specific groups (Chatswood- Asian, Leichardt- Italian, Bondi- Jewish)
culture of place: lifestyle
- vary according to location
- eg. near CBD/ North Shore are defined by ocean (40 000 daily on ferries to work)
- suburban life: large motorways/ transport links
- over 2hrs daily to reach predominantly white collar jobs–> larger business districts
to achieve ecological sustainability, due to growth:
- accommodating future pop growth
- address traffic congestion, provide transport infrastructure
- maintain air/water quality
- disposal of waste
growth of Sydney:
- exceeding rate, seen as unsustainable (from immigrants in city)
- gov implemented immigration program–> control migrant no. in regional areas
- 30% of Syd pop growth, accomodated in boundaries of existing metropolitan URBAN CONSOLIDATION
Barangaroo eg:
22ha, 5 wharves, (currently used for commerical shipping/ passenger terminal)
- plan to make are more useable, western edge of city: creating
- new civic boulevard (connecting Barangaroo-Walsh Bay-King street Wharf)
- habourside park
- commercial/residential quarter integrated with CBD
new parklands: use innovative sustainability and space for diverse use
development:
develop new ‘major centres’ (eg Blacktown, secondary edge city with focus on retail, education, med-high density housing)
solving traffic congestion:
- western suburbs known for worst traffic= slower commute transport times, increase pollution
solved by:
- expanding CBD to accommodate long term growth, transport needs of city
- improving WE road system= facilitate transport, structure for CBD to grow westward
- improve road, rail and cycleway systems in major regional centres
also fixed by providing transport infrastructure–> building new toll roads (M2, M5, M4)
future trends: toll roads, pollution
from toll roads: increase urban sprawl, atmospheric pollution
water/air pollution expect increase: demand for nature resources and higher waster production- need ecological sustainability practices
- increase: industrial factories, man-made features = more carbon (more greenhouse gases)
water: major issue
- rising pop, decline in water availability
waste disposal cost: increase, illegal dumping (major env. problem)
- damage biophysical env, Sydney’s aesthetic/intrinsic value
but MUST: at a cost, ensure Sydney as growing World City can enjoy benefits
