Urban Decline and Regeneration Flashcards
What are the various ways to measure inequalities?
Quality of life - social, economic, physical, political e.g. Fear/incidence of crime Standards of education Level of pollution Graffiti Access to leisure Level of income
What are the causes of urban deprivation?
Inequalities in:
Housing - prices, location, wealth groups
Changing Environments - changing of use
Ethnic Dimension - concentration of ethnic groups
What is multiple deprivation?
When people suffer with a combination of social, economic and physical inequalities
What impacts did urbanisation have on the city of Mumbai?
An exceptional rise in population since 1971 (21 million in 2011)
Slums e.g Dharavi where 1million people live in 1 sq mile
What are the characteristics of the inner city?
High population Boarded up shops Derelict properties Low levels of education High crime etc. Low participation in democracy
Why has there been economic inner city decline in the UK since the 1950s?
Employment away from the city centre 1960-81 loss of 1.6 million manufacturing jobs Changing levels of technology Shortage of land Globalisation of production overseas
Why has there been population loss and social decline between 1951-81 in the UK?
Out-migration for better employment e.g. Liverpool
Counter-urbanisation
Economic decline leads to social decline
Why is the physical environment in inner cities in the UK declining?
Low quality of housing
Vacant and derelict properties and factories
Overgrown wasteland
Motorways leads to concrete domination
Why have high rise flats led to inner city decline in the UK?
Lacked community feel
Poorly ventilated and damp
Expensive to heat
Poor design led to criminal activity
What political problems are linked with inner city decline in the UK?
Lowest election turnouts - rejection
Urban regeneration does nothing to relieve poverty
Northern councils were encouraged to demolish houses (4000 per year)
What are the two types of redevelopment of urban areas?
Urban Development Corporations
City Challenge Partnerships
What are urban development corporations?
Property-led regeneration
Planning approval power above the local authorities
Made up of people from the local community
By 1993 they were 40% of all urban regeneration
Too dependant on property speculation
Local people felt less involved
What was the London Docklands Development Corporation?
1979 the Docklands were derelict
Out-migration occurred as unemployment rose
Aimed to reduce physical decay, improve the economy and transport to the inner city and improve social conditions
DLR was built for £15 billion
Unemployment is now just 7%
The millennium dome has attracted attention
How did Glasgow overcome inner city decline?
‘Glasgow Miles Better’ campaign transforming the grime
GEAR - transforming the east end, landscaping derelict areas e.g. Glasgow’s Garden Festival (1988)
What are City Challenge Partnerships?
Funding by competitive bidding
Local authorities come up with an idea which is submitted to a 5-year plan
Combined social, economic and environmental outcomes
