Urban Change: The Rise Of The Service Economy 👩‍🍳👨‍⚖️🧑‍⚕️

Question 1

What is deindustrialisation?

Answer 1

Refers to the loss of jobs in the manufacturing sector (secondary)

Question 2

What are the 3 causes of deindustralisation?

Answer 2

1. Mechanisation- most firms produce own goods more cheaply by using machines rather than people- assembly lines
2. Competition from abroad- mainly Taiwan, China and South Korea ‘The Asian Tigers’
3. Reduced demand for traditional products e.g steel

Question 3

When were the Uk experiencing decline of manufacturing?

Answer 3

1980’s

Question 4

What did this deindustrialisation lead to?

Answer 4

. Inner city areas declined
. New investment went to edge of cities - decentralisation

Question 5

How have primary jobs changed from 1800 AD to 2000 AD?

Answer 5

. 1800 AD primary sector employment roughly 70%
. Industrial Revolution dropped to 27%
. By 2000 AD 11% of the population in primary sector jobs

Question 6

How have secondary jobs changed from 1800 AD to 2000 AD?

Answer 6

. 1800 AD 21% worked in secondary industry
. Industrial Revolution increased to 43%
. By 2000 AD decline to 31% in the secondary industry

Question 7

How have tertiary jobs changed from 1800 AD to 2000 AD?

Answer 7

. In 1800 AD 10 % in tertiary sector
. In Industrial Revolution increased to 28%
. By 2000 AD increase again to 56%

Question 8

How have quaternary jobs been introduced in the UK?

Answer 8

. 1980’s to 1990’s new quaternary employment introduced with few people
. By 2000 AD increased to roughly 5% in quaternary employment

Question 9

Describe the change in UK manufacturing employment 1978-2004

Answer 9

. Trend = manufacturing employment decreased from 7.1 million in 1878 to roughly 3.6 million in 2004
. Example = in 1990 figure dropped to 5.4 million, then dropped to 4.6 million in 1997, dropped to 3.6 million by 2004
. Anomaly = between 1992 4.4 million in manufacturing by 1998 increased a little to 4.6 million

Question 10

What are some of the economic impacts of deindustrialisation and centralisation?

Answer 10

1. Increased demand for benefits
2. Loss of jobs and disposable income
3. Loss of tax leading to decline in services
4. Increase in unemployment
5. Decreased property prices
6. Deteriorating infrastructure

Question 11

What are some of the social impacts of deindustrialisation and decentralisation?

Answer 11

1. Loss of confidence and moral
2. Increased levels of crime, family breakdown, substance abuse
3. Increased levels of deprivation
4. Out migration of young people + Working age people
5. De -multiplier effect in urban areas

Question 12

What are some of the environmental impacts of deindustrialisation and decentralisation?

Answer 12

1. Derelict land and buildings
2. Long term pollution from dirty industries
3. Decline in maintenance of local housing caused by lower incomes

Question 13

What is urban policy?

Answer 13

Strategies used by local or national government to develop urban areas and reduce urban issues

Question 14

When was urban policy put in place?

Answer 14

. Since 1979 during peak of deindustrialisation and urban decline successive governments have introduced various policies to address urban issues

Question 15

What have been the problems with urban policy?

Answer 15

. Main issue with urban policy is that we consider ‘desirable’ changes over time
. Another problem is that global economic and social changes play a major role in shaping what we need

Question 16

In terms of urban policy, what happened in 1979- 1991?

Answer 16

Emphasis on private sector to regenerate inner city. Private companies encouraged to redevelop run down inner city areas. This led to rise in urban development corporations

Question 17

In terms of urban policy, what happened in 1980’s to with urban development corporations ?

Answer 17

1. People encouraged to spend money on buying land, building infrastructure and marketing to attract private investment
2. Effective in attracting new businesses to run down areas and improving the environment in those areas
3. Did little to tackle social issues

Question 18

In terms of urban policy, what happened in 1991-1997?

Answer 18

Partnerships schemes and competition- led policy e.g city challenge

Question 19

What did the city challenge do in the 1990’s?

Answer 19

1. Cities had to compete with each other for government regeneration funds
2. Competition led to more successful schemes
3. Resources were thinly spread over large areas

Question 20

In terms of urban policy, what happened in 1997- 2000’s?

Answer 20

Area- based initiatives which narrowed the gap in key social and economic indicators between the most deprived neighbourhoods and the rest of the country e.g New Deal for communities

Question 21

What did the New Deal for communities do in the 2000’s?

Answer 21

1. Designed to transform the 39 most deprived neighbourhoods and improve lives of those living with them
2. Between 2002-2008 areas saw an improvement in 32 of 36 core indicators. More change for people not place