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Human Geogrpahy A Level 🌍🧍‍♀️ > Case Studies 🗽🏞️ > Flashcards

Case Studies 🗽🏞️ Flashcards

1
Q

What are some of the demographic stats that make New York a world city?

A

. Population 18.9 million
. 30 universities around 200,000 people graduate every year
. 83.2.% people aged 25+ are high school graduates
. 39.6% people aged 25+ have Bachelor’s degree or higher
. Wide ethnic diversity e.g 31.9% white, 28.9% African American, 14.3% Asian

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2
Q

What are some of the technological stats that make New York a world city?

A

. 3 major airports e.g John F Kennedy, Newark Liberty, LaGuardia international airports
. 117 million people used airports in 2014
. Times Square home to MTV’s headquarters as well as ABC ‘Good morning America’
. Free Wi-Fi around squares funded by LinkNYC
. TV stations include Fox, ABC, NBC, New York Times

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3
Q

What are some of the economic stats that make New York a world city?

A

. 4 of the world’s largest banks e.g Citibank, Bank of America, JP, Morgan Chase
. Home to stock exchange NASDAQ
. GDP of $7 billion
. TNC’s include American Express, Bloomberg, Tiffany and co
. Wall Street most important stock exchange in world accounts for 35% of city’s employment

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4
Q

What are some of the political stats that make New York a world city?

A

. UN assembly HQ in New York
. UN oversees many programmes which as World Health Organisation and World Food programme and more
. Government want to target problems to reduce waste in landfill sites
. Government putting in more sustainable transport systems
. New York is run by New York City council

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5
Q

What are some of the cultural stats that make New York a world city?

A

. New York as 46 museums
. 5 boroughs of New York Manhattan, Brooklyn, Bronx, Queens and Scranton Island
. Times Square most visited tourist attraction $ 50 million each year
. Universities include Colombia University, New York university and more
. Colonised as New Amsterdam by Dutch originally

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6
Q

What is the urbanisation and growth rate in Mumbai?

A

. Mumbai in India growing rapidly in recent decades
. Population of 20, 688,000 in 2022 a 1.26% increase from 2021

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7
Q

What is the fertility rate in Mumbai

A

2.6 children per women and a declining death rate

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8
Q

What are the positive impacts of urban growth in Mumbai?

A
  1. More jobs and higher wages
  2. Healthcare improvements
  3. Over 1000+ primary and secondary schools in Mumbai
  4. Largest number of TNC’s in Asia in Mumbai
  5. Many financial institutes based in Mumbai
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9
Q

What’s the location of Mumbai?

A

. On the west coast of India in Asia
. North of Panama and is located in the Maharashtra state right next to Arabian Sea
. Lies on a Peninsula and is south of Ahmadabad
. South west of India’s capital New Delhi

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10
Q

What’s the national importance of Mumbai?

A

. Financial capital of India+ home to Mumbai stock exchange
. Home to India’s specialist technical industries
. 10% of all factory employment + 40% of India’s foreign trade

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11
Q

What’s the international importance of Mumbai?

A

. Centre of the Hindi movie industry Bollywood - largest number of films per year in world
. Home to Mumbai stock exchange+ many financial services in Mumbai
. 40% of India’s foreign trade in Mumbai
. Most of India’s major television and satellite networks in Mumbai

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12
Q

Describe the growth of Mumbai

A

. 1900-1940 population of Mumbai increased from 1 million to 1.5 million
. 1940-1980 exponential growth of Mumbai from 1.5 to 8 million
. 1980-1990 graph at it’s steepest population rose from 8.5 to 13 million
. Growth continues but in 2013 population begins to slow down to 22 million

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13
Q

What are some of the rural push factors of Mumbai

A
  1. Natural hazards- 1/2 million stranded by flood waters in Indian state of Bihar
  2. Agricultural problems- deficient rains, drought affect poor farming communities
  3. Poor food and water supply- caused starvation
  4. Lack of financial support- farmers selling wives to ‘ Paisawalla’ rich men to get money
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14
Q

What are some of the urban pull factors of Mumbai?

A
  1. Opportunity to work in public sector+ international agencies in public works
  2. Services such as water, electricity and sewage
  3. Educational opportunities with access to schools+ universities
  4. Improved healthcare
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15
Q

What is hyperurbanisation?

A

The increase in the urban population is happening so rapidly that the city cannot cope with the need of the people

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16
Q

What is the size of Dharavi in Mumbai?

A

2km squared

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17
Q

What is the population of Dharavi?

A

1 million about

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18
Q

What is the total turnover of Dharavi roughly?

A

Roughly over $1 billion per year

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19
Q

Where is Dharavi located?

A

In Mumbai in the Maharashtra state next to Manhattan Central Park

20
Q

What industry/informal work is there in Dharavi?

A
  1. Local taxi drivers
  2. Street sellers and like local market stalls
  3. Waste recycling industry
  4. Making pottery
  5. Rag picking
21
Q

What are some of the conditions and problems in Dharavi?

A
  1. Poor sanitation and lack of facilities- 4000 cases a day of typhoid+ diphtheria
  2. Water problems- water is dirty due to waste in river
  3. Breaks out of disease+ viruses- 1896 1/2 million people died due to breakout of plagues, leprosy and various other diseases
  4. High unemployment rate- most people work illegally and earn £1 a day
  5. Lack of toilets- 1 toilet per 500 people and most people go to toilet in river
22
Q

Where is St Ives located?

A

. In Cambridgeshire
. 70 miles North of London
. 18 miles from Cambridge along A14

23
Q

What are some facts about St Ives?

A

. 1961 population was just 3800 ➡️ 2010 reached 16400
. Good access and rail links to Cambridge and London
Around 1/4 of Woking population commute into London and even more into Cambridge

24
Q

What are some of the push factors of London/ Cambridge?

A
  1. Fear of crime
  2. Traffic congestion and parking shortage
  3. Green belt land
  4. Expensive to repair old houses
25
Q

What are some of the pull factors of St Ives?

A
  1. Housing in area is affordable
  2. Rural idyll
  3. Less densely packed homes
  4. People believe due to more green space+ services it will improve quality of life
26
Q

What are some of the positive consequences for St Ives of counter-urbanisation?

A
  1. Migrants bring business with them creating employment
  2. Journey times quicker due or improved transport
  3. New services to supply growing population e.g restaurants, small supermarkets
  4. House prices- rise of house prices from £130,000 to £210,000 commuters have higher wages so can afford it
27
Q

What are some of the negative consequences for St Ives of counter-urbanisation?

A
  1. Loss of community spirit
  2. Village becoming ‘dormitory settlement’
  3. Air and noise pollution increase
  4. Flooding problems- St Ives on River Great Ouse and 1000 home are at risk of flooding from a 1 in 100 year event
28
Q

What is being done to manage these problems in St Ives?

A
  1. Of 200 planned new homes, at least 75 affordable housing aimed at people of lower incomes
  2. Transport- £116 million guided busway linking St Ives to Cambridge hoping to reduce congestion
  3. Flood protection- £8.8 million given in 2007 to make flood walls+ new embankments
  4. More schools- St Ives to make 240 new places available at primary schools
29
Q

Where is Notting Hill?

A

. Located in London in Borough of Kensington and Chelsea right in middle
. Borough east= Westminster
. Borough West= Hammersmith and Fulham
. North of Notting Hill= Brent and Camden

30
Q

What was Notting Hill known and like for before gentrification?

A

. Famous mainly for ‘Notting Hill’ movie
. Afro- Caribbean carnivals
. Grand houses on fringes best known for Brickfields
. Spacious houses divided into rental units for poor
. World’s biggest street festival (outside Rio de Janeiro)

31
Q

What happened in 1958 in Notting Hill?

A

. Serious race riots broke out between blacks and whites
. Peter Rachmaninov treated blacks with violence to evict existing tenants so he could fill jokes with immigrant families

32
Q

What took place during the 1960’s and 1970’s in Notting Hill?

A

. Pioneer gentrification
. Younger public sector professionals took deprived inner city homes and convert into family homes
. Area invaded by middle class+ cottages became more elegant expensive residents

33
Q

How has gentrification changed the neighbourhood in Notting Hill?

A
  1. House prices increasing
  2. More shops being opened
  3. Less of a social mix ➡️ cultures forgotten about
34
Q

What took place in the 1980’s and 1990’s in Notting Hill?

A

. Mature gentrification
. Area dominated by high earning private sector professionals and managers
. House prices now enormously high
. Adjacent areas now emerged- once saturated with redevelopment process spreads into new areas

35
Q

What does the graph show about counter-urbanisation in London?

A

. Trend between 2001 and 2011- more people commuting into London less people are living on outskirts of London
. Examples centre of London gained 0.5-2.70% of people and Wembley roughy lost -0.5 to -0.25% of population
Anomalies none
☕️☕️☕️☕️☕️☕️ TEA- TREND, EXAMPLES, ANOMALIES

36
Q

Where is Islington located?

A

. In London
. Between boroughs of Hackney and Camden
. North of the city of London and south of Haringey
. Closer them Notting Hill to the city of London

37
Q

How is the Islington gentrification different to Notting Hill gentrification?

A
  1. Much higher salary people ➡️ earn £150,000+ per year and have 6 figure savings
  2. House prices through the roof ➡️ some sell up to £3 million
  3. People don’t want to mix with other social ethnicities and lower class people
  4. Often older people who want to downsize
  5. Children sent to private schools
38
Q

Where is Newington Green?

A

. Also in Borough of Islington
. Undergone small scale gentrification and community improvements

39
Q

What are some positives of gentrification in Newington Green?

A
  1. Crime has been reduced ➡️ safer streets police team
  2. Relandscaped gardens + green space
  3. Influx of bars, café and venues
  4. Pavements widened + sgraffito rerouted
  5. Effort put in to ensure no divide between middle + upper class
40
Q

What are some negatives of gentrification in Newington Green?

A
  1. Property prices risen by 80% in 5 years ➡️ £145,000 in 2000 ➡️ £260,000 today
  2. Closures of local shops + restaurants ➡️ Turkish social club closure
  3. No sense of community ➡️ posh people don’t want to mix with other ethnicities
  4. No parking ➡️ loss of £7,000 in takings over bar for one business
  5. Exclusion of certain already marginalised voices+ interests
41
Q

Describe the process of deindustrialisation in Sheffield

A

. Started in 1970’s and accelerated through 1980’s
. Happened due to Margret Thatcher privatising key national industries including the 2 driving Sheffield’s city and regional economies ➡️ coal and steel
. Caused city to go into deep recession due to industrial graveyard
. 1984 unemployment ➡️ 16%
. Almost 50% of city’s workforce in 1971 employed just 24% of a much reduced workforce in 1984

42
Q

Describe how decentralisation can be seen in Sheffield

A

. Happened in Sheffield in late 1990’s
. New public and private sectors were focused on economic revival and survival of Sheffield and so Advanced Manufacturing Plant was born on edge of city
. Attracted both talent and investment back into city
. Sheffield’s ‘made in Sheffield’ trademark ➡️ good quality ➡️ attracted reinvestment
. AMP greatly accelerated long term regeneration of Lower Don Valley + land cleared up + infrastructure modernised
. Technology + new equipment installed ➡️ highly skilled workforce

43
Q

What have been the success of the AMP?

A
  1. AMP employs around 700-800 people ➡️ many jobs provided
  2. Opportunity for expansion of small businesses ➡️ 2,300 to 27,000 square feet
  3. Attraction of many big name companies ➡️ Rolls Royce, Dormer, Boeing
  4. Succeeding through innovation + leading edge projects due to expertise in field ➡️ formula one, generation of military + commercial aircraft including new Boeing 787 Dreamliner
44
Q

What issues do we still see in Sheffield?

A
  1. 900 hectares of land is still disused, derelict industrial sites
  2. Sheffield is the 57th most deprived local authority in England
  3. Unemployment is still at 5.3% ➡️ much higher than the UK average of 3.7%
  4. Inner city locations have been avoided by both service industries and newer manufacturing companies leading to a continued inner city decline
45
Q

What issues do we still see in Sheffield continued?

A

. Number of service jobs created has not always made up for loss in manufacturing jobs
. Many of service jobs created are part time or temporary ➡️ rise of zero hour contracts
. Many of men who lost jobs though deindustrialisation have continued to suffer from long term unemployment (12 or more months)

Human Geogrpahy A Level 🌍🧍‍♀️ (4 decks)

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