Case Studies 🗽🏞️ Flashcards
What are some of the demographic stats that make New York a world city?
. Population 18.9 million
. 30 universities around 200,000 people graduate every year
. 83.2.% people aged 25+ are high school graduates
. 39.6% people aged 25+ have Bachelor’s degree or higher
. Wide ethnic diversity e.g 31.9% white, 28.9% African American, 14.3% Asian
What are some of the technological stats that make New York a world city?
. 3 major airports e.g John F Kennedy, Newark Liberty, LaGuardia international airports
. 117 million people used airports in 2014
. Times Square home to MTV’s headquarters as well as ABC ‘Good morning America’
. Free Wi-Fi around squares funded by LinkNYC
. TV stations include Fox, ABC, NBC, New York Times
What are some of the economic stats that make New York a world city?
. 4 of the world’s largest banks e.g Citibank, Bank of America, JP, Morgan Chase
. Home to stock exchange NASDAQ
. GDP of $7 billion
. TNC’s include American Express, Bloomberg, Tiffany and co
. Wall Street most important stock exchange in world accounts for 35% of city’s employment
What are some of the political stats that make New York a world city?
. UN assembly HQ in New York
. UN oversees many programmes which as World Health Organisation and World Food programme and more
. Government want to target problems to reduce waste in landfill sites
. Government putting in more sustainable transport systems
. New York is run by New York City council
What are some of the cultural stats that make New York a world city?
. New York as 46 museums
. 5 boroughs of New York Manhattan, Brooklyn, Bronx, Queens and Scranton Island
. Times Square most visited tourist attraction $ 50 million each year
. Universities include Colombia University, New York university and more
. Colonised as New Amsterdam by Dutch originally
What is the urbanisation and growth rate in Mumbai?
. Mumbai in India growing rapidly in recent decades
. Population of 20, 688,000 in 2022 a 1.26% increase from 2021
What is the fertility rate in Mumbai
2.6 children per women and a declining death rate
What are the positive impacts of urban growth in Mumbai?
- More jobs and higher wages
- Healthcare improvements
- Over 1000+ primary and secondary schools in Mumbai
- Largest number of TNC’s in Asia in Mumbai
- Many financial institutes based in Mumbai
What’s the location of Mumbai?
. On the west coast of India in Asia
. North of Panama and is located in the Maharashtra state right next to Arabian Sea
. Lies on a Peninsula and is south of Ahmadabad
. South west of India’s capital New Delhi
What’s the national importance of Mumbai?
. Financial capital of India+ home to Mumbai stock exchange
. Home to India’s specialist technical industries
. 10% of all factory employment + 40% of India’s foreign trade
What’s the international importance of Mumbai?
. Centre of the Hindi movie industry Bollywood - largest number of films per year in world
. Home to Mumbai stock exchange+ many financial services in Mumbai
. 40% of India’s foreign trade in Mumbai
. Most of India’s major television and satellite networks in Mumbai
Describe the growth of Mumbai
. 1900-1940 population of Mumbai increased from 1 million to 1.5 million
. 1940-1980 exponential growth of Mumbai from 1.5 to 8 million
. 1980-1990 graph at it’s steepest population rose from 8.5 to 13 million
. Growth continues but in 2013 population begins to slow down to 22 million
What are some of the rural push factors of Mumbai
- Natural hazards- 1/2 million stranded by flood waters in Indian state of Bihar
- Agricultural problems- deficient rains, drought affect poor farming communities
- Poor food and water supply- caused starvation
- Lack of financial support- farmers selling wives to ‘ Paisawalla’ rich men to get money
What are some of the urban pull factors of Mumbai?
- Opportunity to work in public sector+ international agencies in public works
- Services such as water, electricity and sewage
- Educational opportunities with access to schools+ universities
- Improved healthcare
What is hyperurbanisation?
The increase in the urban population is happening so rapidly that the city cannot cope with the need of the people
What is the size of Dharavi in Mumbai?
2km squared
What is the population of Dharavi?
1 million about
What is the total turnover of Dharavi roughly?
Roughly over $1 billion per year
Where is Dharavi located?
In Mumbai in the Maharashtra state next to Manhattan Central Park
What industry/informal work is there in Dharavi?
- Local taxi drivers
- Street sellers and like local market stalls
- Waste recycling industry
- Making pottery
- Rag picking
What are some of the conditions and problems in Dharavi?
- Poor sanitation and lack of facilities- 4000 cases a day of typhoid+ diphtheria
- Water problems- water is dirty due to waste in river
- Breaks out of disease+ viruses- 1896 1/2 million people died due to breakout of plagues, leprosy and various other diseases
- High unemployment rate- most people work illegally and earn £1 a day
- Lack of toilets- 1 toilet per 500 people and most people go to toilet in river
Where is St Ives located?
. In Cambridgeshire
. 70 miles North of London
. 18 miles from Cambridge along A14
What are some facts about St Ives?
. 1961 population was just 3800 ➡️ 2010 reached 16400
. Good access and rail links to Cambridge and London
Around 1/4 of Woking population commute into London and even more into Cambridge
What are some of the push factors of London/ Cambridge?
- Fear of crime
- Traffic congestion and parking shortage
- Green belt land
- Expensive to repair old houses
What are some of the pull factors of St Ives?
- Housing in area is affordable
- Rural idyll
- Less densely packed homes
- People believe due to more green space+ services it will improve quality of life
What are some of the positive consequences for St Ives of counter-urbanisation?
- Migrants bring business with them creating employment
- Journey times quicker due or improved transport
- New services to supply growing population e.g restaurants, small supermarkets
- House prices- rise of house prices from £130,000 to £210,000 commuters have higher wages so can afford it
What are some of the negative consequences for St Ives of counter-urbanisation?
- Loss of community spirit
- Village becoming ‘dormitory settlement’
- Air and noise pollution increase
- Flooding problems- St Ives on River Great Ouse and 1000 home are at risk of flooding from a 1 in 100 year event
What is being done to manage these problems in St Ives?
- Of 200 planned new homes, at least 75 affordable housing aimed at people of lower incomes
- Transport- £116 million guided busway linking St Ives to Cambridge hoping to reduce congestion
- Flood protection- £8.8 million given in 2007 to make flood walls+ new embankments
- More schools- St Ives to make 240 new places available at primary schools
Where is Notting Hill?
. Located in London in Borough of Kensington and Chelsea right in middle
. Borough east= Westminster
. Borough West= Hammersmith and Fulham
. North of Notting Hill= Brent and Camden
What was Notting Hill known and like for before gentrification?
. Famous mainly for ‘Notting Hill’ movie
. Afro- Caribbean carnivals
. Grand houses on fringes best known for Brickfields
. Spacious houses divided into rental units for poor
. World’s biggest street festival (outside Rio de Janeiro)
What happened in 1958 in Notting Hill?
. Serious race riots broke out between blacks and whites
. Peter Rachmaninov treated blacks with violence to evict existing tenants so he could fill jokes with immigrant families
What took place during the 1960’s and 1970’s in Notting Hill?
. Pioneer gentrification
. Younger public sector professionals took deprived inner city homes and convert into family homes
. Area invaded by middle class+ cottages became more elegant expensive residents
How has gentrification changed the neighbourhood in Notting Hill?
- House prices increasing
- More shops being opened
- Less of a social mix ➡️ cultures forgotten about
What took place in the 1980’s and 1990’s in Notting Hill?
. Mature gentrification
. Area dominated by high earning private sector professionals and managers
. House prices now enormously high
. Adjacent areas now emerged- once saturated with redevelopment process spreads into new areas
What does the graph show about counter-urbanisation in London?
. Trend between 2001 and 2011- more people commuting into London less people are living on outskirts of London
. Examples centre of London gained 0.5-2.70% of people and Wembley roughy lost -0.5 to -0.25% of population
Anomalies none
☕️☕️☕️☕️☕️☕️ TEA- TREND, EXAMPLES, ANOMALIES
Where is Islington located?
. In London
. Between boroughs of Hackney and Camden
. North of the city of London and south of Haringey
. Closer them Notting Hill to the city of London
How is the Islington gentrification different to Notting Hill gentrification?
- Much higher salary people ➡️ earn £150,000+ per year and have 6 figure savings
- House prices through the roof ➡️ some sell up to £3 million
- People don’t want to mix with other social ethnicities and lower class people
- Often older people who want to downsize
- Children sent to private schools
Where is Newington Green?
. Also in Borough of Islington
. Undergone small scale gentrification and community improvements
What are some positives of gentrification in Newington Green?
- Crime has been reduced ➡️ safer streets police team
- Relandscaped gardens + green space
- Influx of bars, café and venues
- Pavements widened + sgraffito rerouted
- Effort put in to ensure no divide between middle + upper class
What are some negatives of gentrification in Newington Green?
- Property prices risen by 80% in 5 years ➡️ £145,000 in 2000 ➡️ £260,000 today
- Closures of local shops + restaurants ➡️ Turkish social club closure
- No sense of community ➡️ posh people don’t want to mix with other ethnicities
- No parking ➡️ loss of £7,000 in takings over bar for one business
- Exclusion of certain already marginalised voices+ interests
Describe the process of deindustrialisation in Sheffield
. Started in 1970’s and accelerated through 1980’s
. Happened due to Margret Thatcher privatising key national industries including the 2 driving Sheffield’s city and regional economies ➡️ coal and steel
. Caused city to go into deep recession due to industrial graveyard
. 1984 unemployment ➡️ 16%
. Almost 50% of city’s workforce in 1971 employed just 24% of a much reduced workforce in 1984
Describe how decentralisation can be seen in Sheffield
. Happened in Sheffield in late 1990’s
. New public and private sectors were focused on economic revival and survival of Sheffield and so Advanced Manufacturing Plant was born on edge of city
. Attracted both talent and investment back into city
. Sheffield’s ‘made in Sheffield’ trademark ➡️ good quality ➡️ attracted reinvestment
. AMP greatly accelerated long term regeneration of Lower Don Valley + land cleared up + infrastructure modernised
. Technology + new equipment installed ➡️ highly skilled workforce
What have been the success of the AMP?
- AMP employs around 700-800 people ➡️ many jobs provided
- Opportunity for expansion of small businesses ➡️ 2,300 to 27,000 square feet
- Attraction of many big name companies ➡️ Rolls Royce, Dormer, Boeing
- Succeeding through innovation + leading edge projects due to expertise in field ➡️ formula one, generation of military + commercial aircraft including new Boeing 787 Dreamliner
What issues do we still see in Sheffield?
- 900 hectares of land is still disused, derelict industrial sites
- Sheffield is the 57th most deprived local authority in England
- Unemployment is still at 5.3% ➡️ much higher than the UK average of 3.7%
- Inner city locations have been avoided by both service industries and newer manufacturing companies leading to a continued inner city decline
What issues do we still see in Sheffield continued?
. Number of service jobs created has not always made up for loss in manufacturing jobs
. Many of service jobs created are part time or temporary ➡️ rise of zero hour contracts
. Many of men who lost jobs though deindustrialisation have continued to suffer from long term unemployment (12 or more months)
