Contemporary Urban Environments ποΈ Flashcards
What is urbanisation?
. The growth in the proportion of a countyβs population living in urban areas
What does urban mean?
. A built up area in which people live (a town or city)
Why was 2008 a significant year for urbanisation?
. UN reported by end of 2008 50% of people in world lived in urban areas
. Predicated to rise to 70% by 2050 even though cityβs occupy 3% of earthβs land
What was the urbanisation percentage in 2023?
56.2%
What are some of the most urbanised regions and there percentages of urbanisation?
. Northern America (82% living in urban areas in 2014)
. Latin America and Caribbean (80%)
. Europe (73%)
. African and Asia projected to be 56% and 64% urban by 2050
What does the process of urbanisation involve?
- Rural to urban migration - mass movement of people from countryside to city
- Industrialisation- the growth of industry (UK Industrial Revolution from 1760-1840)
- Improvements in transport followed - trains/ cars developed quickly
. Happened hundreds of years ago in HICS but now happening in LICS
What is suburbanisation?
The outward spread of built up area often at lower densities (fewer people per km squared) or people moving from urban centre to the edge of the urban area
What causes suburbanisation?
- Social segregation- rich, white families move to more desirable areas (WHITE FLIGHT)
- The growth of cities physically spreading into the greenfield land around city
- Improvements in transport- surge in commuting, more cars and more motorways / railway networks
Where is suburbanisation happening?
NEEβs
What is urban sprawl?
. The continued outward spread consuming farmland and smaller towns/ villages leading to vast conurbations
What causes urban sprawl?
- Continued increased improvements in transport
- Improvements in communications= working from home
- Decentralisation as old industries begin to shut down
- Change in wealth+ lifestyle
- Inner city issues (poverty and deprivation)
What is counter-urbanisation?
. The movement of people from major settlements to smaller settlements beyond the city
What causes counter-urbanisation?
- Changes in wealth, transport, lifestyle and communications
- Changes in surrounding rural settlements (dormitory villages)
- Change in working habits (exacerbated by Covid)
Where does counter-urbanisation occur?
In HICβs only at present
What is reurbanisation?
. Movement of people back into city centres leading to regeneration. Be seen in most Western cities to some extent
. Sometimes planned or more random over periods of time
What is the significance of post 1945?
. End of ww2, Hiroshima, the fall of Berlin to Soviet Union
What is the difference between urban growth and urbanisation?
.Urbanisation - increase in proportion of people living in urban areas
. Urban growth - increase in the total population of a town or city
What are some of the urban growth stats between 1960 and 2020?
. HICβs have very slow rate of urbanisation= uk growth rate 5.4% between 1960 and 2020
. NEEβs have very fast rate of urbanisation= China growth rate 45% between 1960 and 2020
. LICβs steady rate of urbanisation= Sierra Leone rate 25.5% between 1960 and 2020
What trends can be seen with urban growth since 1945?
. In 1970 worldβs largest cities found in East Asia, Southwest Asia
. India = 2 5-10million cities and around Japan 2 10 + million
. North America (East and West) see 2 5-10 million cities e.g California, New York (10million + city)
How has the location of the worldβs largest cities changed by 2030?
. Predicted to be South East Asia, Southern Africa and Eastern South America
. South East Asia has 13 10+ million cities e.g Tokyo, parts of China
. Increase of 6, 10+ million cities
. Large cities in Southern Africa and 5, 10+ million cities e.g Johannesburg, Kinshasa