Urban Change

Question 1

How do economic processes cause urban change?

Answer 1

-Cities attract people from rural areas because it offers more job opportunities that are better paid.
-As the urban population increases businesses grow and become more profitable creating more jobs.

Question 2

How does economic processes affect urban change in developing countries?

Answer 2

As countries develop commercial farming overtakes substinance farming as the method of food production so a decline in agricultural jobs drives more people into towns and cities.

Question 3

How do social processes cause urban change?

Answer 3

Cities have higher living standards than rural areas as they offer better healthcare and education which attracts people.
City centres then become cultural centres as migration increases the mix of people from different social backgrounds making people more tolerant and creating a welcoming environment.

Question 4

How do technological processes cause urban change?

Answer 4

The emergence of factories created urban hotspots for technological advance.

Question 5

Give an example of a technological hot spot.

Answer 5

Silicon Valley in California that houses many high tech industries that offer specialised and highly paid jobs.

Question 6

How do political processes affect urban change?

Answer 6

Urban growth may lead to increased inequality between the rich and the poor.
Be working classes emerge made up of people who work in manufacturing industries.
Political movements to represent this class may arise that ask for political reform on issues that affect urban life such as working conditions.

Question 7

How does urban change affect demographic?

Answer 7

As cities become larger they attract more migrants making them more culturally and ethnically more diverse.
Many upping people are attracted by jobs and entertainment and stay and raise families so cities tend to have a younger population.

Question 8

What 3 processes of change have developed countries experienced in the last 50 years?

Answer 8

-Deindustrialisation
-Rise of the service economy
-Decentralisation

Question 9

What is deindustrialisation?

Answer 9

What industries collapse because of cheaper outsourcing of labour leaving city centres abandoned and causing mass unemployment.

Question 10

Give an example of deindustrialisation.

Answer 10

In the 70s the steel industry in Sheffield struggled to compete with products being manufactured in the developing world causing mass unemployment and poverty.

Question 11

How has the uk been affected by deindustrialisation?

Answer 11

Caused unemployment to rise above 3 million in 1983.

Question 12

What is the rise of the service economy?

Answer 12

During the 80s many service industries (retail and banking) began to expand and dominate western economies making them responsible for economic growth in developed countries since deindustrialisation.

Question 13

What is decentralisation?

Answer 13

When land prices increase, businesses may relocate to suburbs leading to an increase in retail parks out of town.
However this has caused city centre shops to close leaving abandoned buildings and urban poverty due to lack of jobs.

Question 14

Give an example of decentralisation.

Answer 14

Meadowhall near Sheffield.

Question 15

What are the 4 schemes to improve uk cities since 1979?

Answer 15

-Urban development corporations
-Enterprise zones
-City challenge
-Partnership schemes

Question 16

What was the urban development corporation?

Answer 16

Established in 1981to restore derelict areas using private sector money.

Question 17

Give an example of an urban development corporations scheme.

Answer 17

London docklands

Question 18

What were the sims of UDCs in the London docklands?

Answer 18

To attract new businesses, improve the local environment, create jobs and build new houses for professionals.

Question 19

How did UDCs impact London docklands and what time period?

Answer 19

In 17 years corporations built 24,000 homes and created 85,000 jobs.
Also built new schools, parks and community facilities including Surrey Quays shopping centre.

Question 20

How many jobs did UDCs create?

Answer 20

85,000 jobs.

Question 21

How many houses did UDCs build?

Answer 21

24,000 new houses built.

Question 22

Evaluate the affect of UDCs in city regeneration.

Answer 22

+Provided 24,000 homes and created 85,000 jobs attracting new people to the area.
-Ignored the needs of the local residents as the homes weren’t affordable for all and there weren’t suitable jobs for the working class.

Question 23

Describe what enterprise zones do and what their aims were?

Answer 23

Established in 1981 in areas of high unemployment to attract start-up companies to the area to create jobs.
They did this by reducing tax on corporations and land.

Question 24

How did the enterprise zones affect city regeneration?

Answer 24

In 9 years it attracted 5000 companies employing more the 125,000 people.

Question 25

How many companies did EZs attract?

Answer 25

5000

Question 26

How many people did EZs employ?

Answer 26

125,000

Question 27

Evaluate the effectiveness of EZs in regenerating cities.

Answer 27

+Enterprise zones successfully increased the businesses in the area by 5000.
-40% of the new companies were already established and just moved their location to cut down costs.

Question 28

Give an example of an enterprise zone.

Answer 28

Metro Centre Gateshead:
Brought an enterprise zone for £100,000 and didn’t generate any new jobs just relocated.

Question 29

What is city challenge and when was it established?

Answer 29

Established in 1991, city challenge encouraged local authorities to compete for government funding to regenerate deprived urban areas.

Question 30

How did local authorities compete for funding?

Answer 30

The most projects that benefited the local community got the most funding.

Question 31

How was city challenge successful?

Answer 31

By 1997:
-Improved 40,000 houses
-Provided training and 50,000 jobs for local people.

Question 32

What were the issues with city challenge?

Answer 32

As it was a competition many deprived areas didn’t receive any funding.

Question 33

Give an example of an area that was helped by city challenge and how was it affected?

Answer 33

Hulme.
80% of the planned regeneration was achieved and it decreased crime rates and unemployment but unemployment, child poverty and education are still the lowest in the UK.

Question 34

What was a partnership scheme and what did it aim to do?

Answer 34

Since 2010 governments worked with private companies to provide financial support for urban regeneration called partnership schemes to improve physical, economic and social conditions by building new homes, parks and sports centres to reduce unemployment.

Question 35

Give an example of a partnership scheme.

Answer 35

Liverpool city region local enterprise:
2012 aimed to increase business activity and create 100,000 new jobs.