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Geog Urban > Urban BK 4 > Flashcards

Urban BK 4 Flashcards

1
Q

identify 4 types of urban environmental problems

A

air pollution
waste
water pollution
dereliction

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2
Q

what are 4 causes of atmospheric pollution

A

-industrial pollution, mostly in LEDCs
-urbanisation, the use of more energy and burning of fossil fuels
-increased growth of vehicles in LEDCs, many old cars
-burning of wood and charcoal in LEDCs

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3
Q

in 2014 what did the world health organisation find out about air pollution

A

it was 2.5 times higher than the recommended levels in about half the urban areas they monitor

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4
Q

what’s a pollution episode

A

where during hot weather pollution builds up to harmful amounts, but during wet weather pollution concentrations are low

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5
Q

what are 3 effects/impacts air pollution can have

A

health problems, particularly respiratory
formation of smog
impacts on wildlife
contributes to global warming

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6
Q

what are four ways air pollution can be managed

A

more laws and regulations on emissions
greater use of green ways of transport
wider use of green technology’s in homes
more government initiatives and policies

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7
Q

what’s an example of how air pollution is being managed

A

the major of londons ultra low emissions zone for london, ULEZ
october 2021, aims for clean cities air and improve health in the area
87% of vehicles travelling into the zone meet the ULEZ standards or have to pay changes, 24/7

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8
Q

what’s four causes of water pollution

A

-urbanisation, more urban migration puts stress on water resources
-unregulated dumping of waste not rivers etc
-modern cities and lifestyles demand huge amounts of water, home appliances etc
-growth of tourism and recreation, can lead to contamination in lakes and rivers etc

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9
Q

what are five impacts/effects of water pollution

A

-water shortages
-impacts on health
-falling fish stocks
-desertification
-pollution of water eats

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10
Q

what’s five ways water pollution can be managed

A

-strict laws on dumping of waste and sewage
-more advanced water infrastructure
-more education on how to use water efficiently
-desalination plants
-hose pipe band, shutting off water features in urban areas etc

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11
Q

what’s an example of water pollution management

A

the thames tideway tunnel

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12
Q

what’s the thames tideway tunnel project all about

A

began because sewage is struggling to cope with the 1858 pipes, so sewage ends up flowing into the river threatening aquatic life etc
the new system will be 25km long and 65m deep

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13
Q

i’m 2013 how many tonnes of raw sewage was dumped into the thames

A

55 million tonnes

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14
Q

what’s four cases of urban dereliction

A

-deindustrialisation, industrial relocation and suburbanisation
-small scale dereliction of retail/housing
-old poorly built structures deteriorate particularly those built in 1960s
-the cost of clearing old buildings can be very expensive, decontamination, health and safety etc

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15
Q

what’s an impact/effect of dereliction

A

large industrial sites are left derelict which becomes an eyesore, unsafe and attract a negative image for the area which could increase crime

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16
Q

how is dereliction management

A

through redevelopment and regeneration of an area

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17
Q

what’s an example of urban dereliction being managed

A

london dereliction, a website which includes over 3000 photos of london sights not normally seen by tourists showing how dereliction can impact an area for example Lambeth Hospital and how it’s been regenerated into a cinema and offices

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18
Q

what’s three courses of waste disposal

A

-urbanisation and industrialisation
-modern lifestyles and industrial activities produce huge amounts of waste etc
-unregulated dumping of waste particularly in LEDCs

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19
Q

what’s two impacts/effects of waste disposal

A

-impact of natural environments, wildlife, waterways etc
-becomes a form of visual pollution

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20
Q

what’s three ways of managing waste disposal

A

-recycle
-having strict laws and regulations about waste disposal
-export, waste can be transported to other countries etc

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21
Q

what’s an example of managing waste disposal

A

London food waste, FoodSave
-follows food waste pyramid to help businesses reduce their food waste
between november and march:
-1000+ tonnes of food waste diverted going to landfill per year
-saved businesses £550,000 per year

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22
Q

what would you expect waste to be like in Dharavi compared to Kensington in london

A

little waste management in dharavi, but bin men to collect in london
low plastics, more sewage and industrial waste in dharavi compared to a lot more domestic waste in london

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23
Q

define landfill

A

the disposal of waste material by burying it, the oldest and most common form of waste disposal, doesn’t allow for waste to decompose quickly

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24
Q

define incineration

A

this is when waste is burned and it reduces the amount of waste going to landfill, this emits greenhouse gases

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25
Q

how much does waste increase by globally

A

7%

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26
Q

what are two reasons why municipal solid waste is set to increase in urban areas

A

urbanisation
rising living standards

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27
Q

what’s the worlds largest growing municipal waste city creator

A

China

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28
Q

what are 6 different sources of solid waste

A

residential
industrial
commercial
institutional
construction/demolition
urban services

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29
Q

what are 3 types of waste that arent easy to manage

A

multi laminates
hazardous
e- waste

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30
Q

what’s the biggest waste disposal technique in teeside

A

teeside energy waste plant (incineration)

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31
Q

how much electricity does the teeside energy incineration plant provide for the national grid per year

A

29.2 megawatts

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32
Q

how many tonnes of commercial and household waste does the teeside incineration plant burn that can’t be recycled per year

A

390,000

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33
Q

where is the incineration plant in teeside located

A

on the river tees at Haverton Hill, east of Billingham

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34
Q

what did the teeside energy waste plant replace

A

the Portrack Incinerator, it opened in 1998

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35
Q

what two things was included in the 2009 waste plant extension

A

-and extra furnace and rail head was added, allowing the plant to provide 10 more megawatts of electricity
-waste is now burned from northumberland now too

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36
Q

what will a second plant being built mean?

A

the plants catchment will burn waste from south tyne and wear

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37
Q

what’s an example of a waste disposal site other then the teeside energy waste plant

A

Cowpen Bewley and Teesport landfill sites

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38
Q

how much waste is the teesport landfill site licensed to accept

A

2,000,000 cubic metres of waste

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39
Q

where is the Cowpen Bewley located

A

north of billingham

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40
Q

what’s a similarity between the teesport and the cowpen bewley landfill sites

A

both offer non hazardous waste disposal

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41
Q

how big is the cowpen bewley site

A

550 acres, and being restored currently to add another 100 acres of wetland habitat

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42
Q

what are 3 factors about the teeside plant, and the cowpen bewley that make it sustainable

A

-offers non hazardous waste disposal
-bio-degradeable and non-biodegradable waste is accepted
- one of largest habitual creation projects in the uk

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43
Q

what are 3 factors about the teeside plant, and the cowpen bewley that make it unsustainable

A

-burning household and commercial waste, 390,000 tonnes as it can’t be recycled
-construction of an extra furnace and rail head
-now collects more waste from tyne and wear

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44
Q

what are two products that can be recycled

A

paper and glass

45
Q

what’s 3 impacts of increasing waste generation

A

-waste is a large source of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas
-untreated or uncollected waste can lead to health problems and respiratory problems the most
-cities are running out of landfill space

46
Q

what are 5 ways to manage waste

A

incineration
landfill
recycling
trade
recovery

47
Q

what are 3 factors that influence waste

A

economic characteristics
lifestyles
attitudes

48
Q

what’s 3 economic characteristics that influence waste

A

-developed countries produce more waste as they can afford more goods
-waste components gary depending on development, organic waste is most in developing
-no link to wealth with waste streams, Austria recycles 63%, Japan 21%

49
Q

what’s 3 lifestyle characteristics that influence waste

A

-depends if you live in city or countryside, urban produces more waste
-people more likely to recycle if it’s more accessible
-diet affects components and streams, processed foods have more packaging

50
Q

what’s 3 attitudes that influence waste disposal

A

-developed countries have throw away culture
-health concerns over sell by dates creates more food waste
-different attitudes towards the environment

51
Q

define unregulated waste disposal

A

dumped into places that aren’t official disposal sites

52
Q

what’s one negative impact of unrelulayed waste disposal

A

waste that isn’t disposed properly can damage ecosystems, animals and birds can be hurt if tangled in plastics etc

53
Q

what’s recycling

A

waste is reprocessed into new products

54
Q

what’s 2 environmental impacts of recycling

A

-reduces the demand for raw produces which means extraction can be reduced
-uses more CO2 and energy to be collected

55
Q

what’s incineration

A

when waste is burnt

56
Q

what’s two environmental impacts of incineration

A

-reduces waste in landfill, but creates greenhouse gases
-can be used to create electricity, energy recovery, which releases toxic chemicals

57
Q

what’s recovery

A

involves using waste instead of new products

58
Q

what’s an environmental impact of recovery

A

reduced waste in landfill, so less natural resources are exploited and used

59
Q

what’s landfill

A

where waste is placed in landfill sites

60
Q

what’s 3 environmental impacts of landfill

A

-if not regulated, chemicals can pollute groundwater
-gases like methane can cause air pollution from decomposing waste
-can collect cases for energy production

61
Q

what’s submergence

A

deposing of waste by dumping in the ocean (illegal)

62
Q

what’s an environmental impact of submergence

A

release toxic and radioactive substances, can damage ecosystems

63
Q

what’s trade in terms of waste

A

waste can be bought and sold by countries

64
Q

what’s an environmental impact of waste trade

A

developed countries pay developing countries to take their hazardous waste

65
Q

define sustainable development

A

development which recognises that the needs of then present have to be met, but doing this without affecting the needs of the future generations

66
Q

what’s ecological footprint

A

the total area of productive land and water required to produce the resources a population consumes and absorb the waste produced

67
Q

what’s one way to inform environmental policy at a local level

A

ecological footprint analysis, created by Dr william rees in 1992

68
Q

which areas within individual countries will have the biggest ecological footprint

A

cities

69
Q

what are 3 ways an urban area can be sustainable in employment

A

good range of employment opportunities
workplaces and living space close together
major employers located on key transport routes or hubs

70
Q

what are 3 ways shopping and services can be sustainable in an urban area

A

thriving heart of the urban area
high order functions are central+accessible
low order functions are found in all neighbourhoods

71
Q

what are 3 ways housing can be sustainable in urban areas

A

environmentally efficient housing
mixture of styles and tenure in small areas
housing within the CBD encouraged

72
Q

what’s 3 ways transport can be sustainable in urban areas

A

integrated public transport
good range of environmentally friendly systems
accessible for disabled people

73
Q

what’s 3 ways the environment can be sustainable in urban areas

A

parks and green spaces in towns are accessible to all
indoor and outdoor leisure facilities are available and intensively used
rubbish is recycled all from doorstep

74
Q

what’s 3 ways planning can be sustainable in urban areas

A

containment is maintained by green belt policy, keeping urban area compact
brownfield land is redeveloped and reused
open space within the town is maintained and enhanced

75
Q

what are two ways that show middlesbroughs housing is sustainable

A

-building of high quality apartments of the old brownfield redevelopment site of teesdale in stockton
-redevelopment of brownfield sites, like Ayresome Park former home of Boro FC

76
Q

what’s two ways middlesboroughs housing is not sustainable

A

-segregation of rich (nunthorpe)and poor (thorn tree) areas
-building of large council estates on the urban edge and the building of new private estates on the urban edge

77
Q

what’s two ways middlesbroughs industry is sustainable

A

- regeneration of brownfield sites, from dereliction to a mixed use development of education, tertiary industry and quality housing
-new industrial estates developed in the inner city, like Britannia Enterprize Zones

78
Q

what’s one two ways Middlesboroughs industry isn’t sustainable

A

lack of success at attracting new tertiary jobs to the urban area

large amounts of brown filed land left following the de-industrialisation and decline of the steel and ship building industries

79
Q

how’s middlesboroughs water supply sustainable

A

cow green reservoir and others in the tees valley, provide high quality and abundant water needs for the residents and industry

80
Q

what’s two ways transport in middlesborough is sustainable

A

-pedestrians of middlesborough town centre close to the redeveloped bus terminal
- urban sprawl with the development of estates like ingelby bar wick in the 1990s

81
Q

what’s three ways middlesboroughs transport isn’t sustainable

A

-lack of easy rain access, not on main east coast line
-teeside park shopping and leisure development is mainly car dependent
-poor development of cycle lanes

82
Q

what’s two ways waste and pollution is sustainable in middlesborough

A

-brownfield sites cleaned up by the teeside development corporation
- strict controls on industrial emissions which has resulted in cleaner air and water

83
Q

what’s one way waste and pollution isn’t sustainable in middlesbrough

A

use of landfill site at billingham to dispose of most domestic waste

84
Q

what’s two ways the environment is sustainable in middlesborough

A

park areas such as albert park are well used and cared for
tees barrage has endured that the river tees has now become a desirable amenity for the area which encourages development

85
Q

what’s two ways the environment isn’t sustainable in middlesborough

A

-new baking have not been built with solar panels routinely installed on roofs

-poor air quality and visual pollution due to the chemicals and steel industries especially in east middlesborough

86
Q

what’s one way darlington, within tees valley are promoting sustainable transport

A

the new buses, they run on mains gas from the national grid which provides energy for 300 miles

87
Q

how are darlingtons new buses better for the environment

A

they help keep the environment cleaner by reducing exhaust fumes and emissions

88
Q

how’s the bus company, arriva, becoming more sustainable

A

returning to the use of biogas, produced from sewage and landfill

89
Q

what’s ‘let’s go tees valley’

A

a government funded scheme that promotes active forms of transport such as walking or cycling, all forms of public transport and also car sharing and electric vehicles

90
Q

what’s three advantages of let’s go tees valley scheme

A

-helps reduce high amounts of pollution
-reduces traffic congestion, 1 bus can take 90 cars on the road
-saves money on having possibly 2+ cars per household

91
Q

what’s 3 ways darlington is attempting to reduce waste

A

-recycling schemes (reduce, reuse and recycle)
-encourages ‘love food hate waste’, planning meals and buying loose food etc
-pass on plastic, carrying own reusable cup, bags, own cutlery etc

92
Q

what’s the darlington forest project

A

-support flooding, helping interception and less surface run off, reducing albedo levels etc
-9000 young trees have been planted in south park which has helped education etc
-aiming to increase tree cover in and around darlington by 2030

93
Q

what’s ‘the big spring clean’

A

-reducing litter in the county through litterpicking, education in schools and community groups etc
-launched in 2010 by Durham and Darlington Councils

94
Q

what’s the Tees Valley Wildlife Trust

A

-Campaign to protect species and habitats locally, protecting 15 nature reserves in tees valley
-membership is needed to contribute to the scheme, £24 per year

95
Q

what’s three factors that make managing urban areas sustainably difficult

A

funding
government influence
attitudes towards sustainability

96
Q

how does funding make it difficult to manage urban areas sustainability

A

-funding and money might not be readily available from governments and private organisations
-2008 financial crisis and covid makes finding funding difficult

97
Q

how does government influence make managing urban areas sustainably difficult

A

well organised and efficient governments are needed, corruption makes it difficult
this is seen more in LEDC than MEDC

98
Q

how does attitudes towards sustainability make managing urban areas sustainably difficult

A

-some people might not care or believe in acting sustainability
-it’s expensive, this may put people off and create negative attitudes such as solar panels
-some people have short term views and are lazy

99
Q

what’s three ways that makes it difficult to manage urban areas because they weren’t built sustainably

A

-terraced or town houses would have no place to charge electric cars
-bin wagons can’t fit through old alleyways to collect wheelie bins
-older houses/buildings aren’t well insulated (1800s)

100
Q

what’s four sustainability challenges in developing countries

A

-improve waste and recycling management
-access to clean energy, reduce ‘dirty energy’
-improving access to housing, water and sanitation
-support consumption of local produce

101
Q

what’s four sustainability challenges developed countries face

A

-provide adequate housing in poorer neighbourhoods
-change overproduction and overconsumption
-reduce urban unemployment due to economic crisis
-reduce food waste

102
Q

what’s europe’s most sustainable city

A

Copenhagen

103
Q

what’s two ways Copenhagen is socially sustainable

A

-2% of emoters work 40+ hours per week, more time with family and friends which means lower stress
-249 miles of cycle lanes, 1 million fewer sick days

104
Q

what’s 2 ways Copenhagen is economically sustainable

A

-highest wages in the world, low unemployment rates
-have entrepreneurial spirit, held onto smaller independent shops not global chains

105
Q

what’s 2 ways Copenhagen is environmentally sustainable

A

-2001 a large offshore wind was built, accounts for 4% of cities energy
-climate plan 2011, targets to be carbon neutral by 2025

106
Q

what’s 2 ways Copenhagens governance is sustainable

A

-one of highest tax levels, but provided state welfare so inequality is at its lowest
-boats high income equality and gender equality to be a fair society

107
Q

what’s liveability

A

the characteristics of a city which improve the quality of life for the people living there

108
Q

what’s 2 characteristics of a city that has high liveability

A

-having lots of natural amenities like parks and green spaces
-career opportunities, economic and political stability etc

Geog Urban (7 decks)

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