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Geog Urban > Urban BK 1 > Flashcards

Urban BK 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is urbanisation

A

the process by which an increasing population of a countries population lives in towns/cities

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2
Q

what is a mega city

A

a city with a population of over 10 million people

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3
Q

where are megacities mostly located

A

LIC/NEE

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4
Q

why are most megacities in LICS and NEES

A

because most megacities are in asia , which tends to be home to many LIC and NEE

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5
Q

what does cartographically mean

A

mapping geographical data

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6
Q

what is a proportional circles map

A

a mapping technique to present data like a table e.g the worlds top 10 megacities

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7
Q

what are advantages of a proportional circles map

A

gives spacial information e.g you can see location of places

gives a good visual representation of the data your trying to represent

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8
Q

what are disadvantages of proportional circle maps

A

can be little/no variation in circle size e.g population of a city

can become congested, cluttered and difficult to read

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9
Q

what does HDE , EME and LDE stand for

A

HDE= high developing economy
EME=emerging economies
LDE=low developing economy

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10
Q

what are characteristics of HDEs

A

populations are growing

decrease of people in rural areas and increase in megacities

growth rate increasing , more people living and having kids

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11
Q

what are characteristics of EMEs

A

increase in people living in both megacities and rural areas , slightly in rural areas

more people living in megacities compared to rural

decreased population growth rate everywhere

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12
Q

what are characteristics of LDEs

A

increased population in megacities and rural areas

85.6 decrease in rural living , more in urban

growth rate increased in megacities , decrease in rural

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13
Q

what are the 9 reasons for the growth of megacities

A
  1. colonial influence
  2. ports+trading cities
  3. reassignment of capital city
  4. post independence policies favours in urban areas(industrialisation)
  5. post war modernisation+industrialisation
  6. declining mortality rates
  7. rural to urban migration
  8. settlement laws
  9. location of international production into urban areas
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14
Q

what impact does colonial influences have on the growth of megacities

A

where land/costal cities are made by invaders in non urban areas

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15
Q

what is an example of colonial influences causing the growth of megacities

A

the Spanish and Portuguese creating many cities like Lima + Buenos Airies

Europeans moved to these cities causing them to grow

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16
Q

why does ports and trading cities cause the growth of megacities

A

more people will move to megacities that have major ports for trading goods/specific items , because there will be more jobs etc

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17
Q

what is an example of a mega city that grew because of ports and trading

A

Shanghai grew through exporting cotton , silk and textiles

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18
Q

why does the reassignment of capital cities cause the growth of megacities

A

it shows the countries growing independence which brings equal laws and better lives, meaning more people will want to live here

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19
Q

how does post interdependence policies favouring urban areas cause the growth of mega cities

A

industrialisation and importing goods became heavily favoured e.g port at bristol, which draws people in for jobs

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20
Q

how does post war modernism and industrialisation cause the growth of megacities

A

the great depression and market crashes encouraged industrialisation in urban areas, which brings jobs and more people to urban areas

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21
Q

how does declining mortality rates impact the growth of megacities

A

better healthcare and medications available in larger urban settlements, bigger hospitals all draw people to the city

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22
Q

how does rural to urban migration cause the growth of megacities

A

push and pull factors bring people, such as better education, healthcare and employment etc

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23
Q

what’s an example of how settlement laws impact the growth of megacities

A

China in the 1950s, urban homes were named ‘entitled’ which gave them access to welfare but rural homes were named ‘non-entitled’

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24
Q

what are some general characteristics of world cities

A

-centres of new ideas and initiatives in business, economics etc
-high quality educational centres, world renowned universities, research facilities etc
-headquarters of governments and multi-national corporations

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25
Q

what are some characteristics of london that make it a world city

A

-It’s a diverse city, 300+ languages spoken, 50+ indigenous communities
-hosting of the 2012 olympics raised the profile of the city
-global financial centre, successful in attracting foreign investment
-major centre for art forks such as music, dance, galleries etc

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26
Q

define a world city

A

the most important cities in the global economy

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27
Q

name three ways london is an important global city

A

-it has the 2nd best air connections after dubai, home to Gatwick and Heathrow, and has flights to 89% of global cities out of Europe
-Europes top technology start up centre
-It’s the historic capital of the english language, bigger world status in business and marketing as many people understand slight english

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28
Q

name two ways new york can be described as an important global city

A

-home to most of the worlds top investment banks, increasing the cities value
-the global leader in media and advertising(home of two of the three big labels) , music and fashion too

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29
Q

list 5 key facts about Beijing that makes it a world city

A

-Foreign embassies are all located in Beijing, which is important in terms of discussions over trade etc
-It’s part of the ‘Alpha Cities’, it’s an Alpha+ City
-It hosted the Olympiad in 2008, an important political and cultural event
-It’s Chinas main international air hub linking the City with many countries across the world
- Known as Peking by the Western World, and is home to many world heritage sites such as The Temple of Heaven

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30
Q

define the term CBD

A

location, usually in the central oldest part of the city, where most commercial functions are located and where non-manufacturing jobs are located

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31
Q

define the term PLVI

A

the point in the city where land is at it’s most valuable which is usually occupied by rich functions such as banks or high street retailers.

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32
Q

define the term transition zone

A

area between the CBD and the residential zones which is usually occupied by a mixture of old industry, some specialised functions and some dereliction

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33
Q

define the term fortress development

A

the idea that there is a tendency for developers or urban space to restrict access to that space by the general public, such as gated communities where access is protected by private security

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34
Q

define rural urban fringe

A

the edge of the built up area where the town meets the countryside, usually where high class residents and commuters live

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35
Q

define edge city

A

a built up area with a commercial district at its core, which has developed in the edge of an existing urban area e.g LA

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36
Q

define cultural/heritage quarter

A

the development and re-branding of areas of towns to focus on different cultural grounds or aspects of their history to mainly spur tourist development

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37
Q

define the term inner city

A

a residential area usually in the inner city, which is occupied almost by immigrant or minority grounds

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38
Q

define the term brownfield site

A

areas formerly occupied by industry or sometimes housing which have no become derelict and been demolished

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39
Q

define the term greenfield sites

A

areas which have never been built on, usually meaning it’s easy to install infrastructure like roads and electricity

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40
Q

define the term social/council housing

A

housing owned by councils or housing associations, provided at low rents usually for less well off residents in a city

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41
Q

define the term urbanisation

A

where an increasing proportion of a country’s population lives in urban areas, also the physical expansion of cities

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42
Q

define the term rural-urban migration

A

the movement of people from the countryside into cities, usually associated with push and pull factors

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43
Q

define the term life cycle migration

A

the outward movement of people from the central parts of cities we they develop different needs

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44
Q

define the term urban sprawl

A

the physical growth of urban areas into the surrounding countryside, housing, roads, industries etc are all involved

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45
Q

define the term counter-urbanisation

A

the process of moving from an urban area to smaller urban areas or rural areas beyond the city boundary, usually undertaken by weathier individuals

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46
Q

define the term de industrialisation

A

the closure or reduction of jobs in the manufacturing industry

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47
Q

define the term suburbanisation

A

the growth of residential areas in cities away from the main centre, causing the expansion on of the built up area

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48
Q

define the term urban regeneration/resurgence

A

the re use of derelict land, usually developed into new service industries, recreation and housing schemes etc

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49
Q

define the term gentrification

A

when old working class houses are taken over by richer residents who improve the properties and raise the value of the area

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50
Q

define the term decentralisation

A

movement of people, industry and other services to the outer suburbs but can involve larger industry, services and even political power moving out of larger areas into smaller cities and towns

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51
Q

define the term re-urbanisation/rejuvenation

A

where people, and industries move back to old, run down inter city areas and breath new life into formerly poor or even derelict areas

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52
Q

define the term industrial relocation

A

the movement of manufacturing and retail land use away from the inner city to the edge of the urban area in order to take advantage of better road transport links for goods and customers

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53
Q

since when has darlington experienced urbanisation on a small scale

A

since the 18th century

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54
Q

what are 7 key land use types in an urban area

A

residential
industrial
transport
retail/commercial
educational
open space
public buildings

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55
Q

name 6 factors that have influenced the growth of darlington over the last 100 years

A

social
economic
environmental
technological
political
demographic

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56
Q

how have social factors contributed to the growth of darlington

A

-council homes build on the urban edge (skerne park 1950s)
-population growth increases during industrial revolution
-people wanting to live on the urban edge, West Park development

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57
Q

how have economic factors lead to the growth of darlington

A

-industry next to rivers dumped waste into them
-growth of the railway industry in the 1800s
-industry was located here as they were dependent on being close to raw materials
-more people work from home now

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58
Q

how have environmental factors lead to growth in darlington

A

-more housing on the urban edge
-more industry estates built on flatter land e.g amazon
-industry dumps waste into local rivers

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59
Q

how have technological factors lead to the growth and change of darlington

A

-more cars/people are more mobile
-better road connections (A66)
-industry and business can move in more locations bc of better tech advances

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60
Q

how have political factors impacted the growth of darlington

A

-council decided to build houses on the urban edge
-road links are decisions made by the council
-treasury moving to darlington

61
Q

how have demographic factors lead to the growth of darlington

A

-increasing Bangladeshi community in Northgate area

62
Q

define the term medina

A

densely packed environments, commercial and few housing

63
Q

define a slum

A

densely populated area, residential and commercial for low income residents

64
Q

what does urban morphology mean

A

the spacial structure and organisation of an urban area

65
Q

where is usually developed on in an MEDC compared to an LEDC

A

MEDC= flat land as it’s easy to build on and can attract higher land value
LEDC= undeveloped steel land, such as Brazils largest slum Rochina

66
Q

what’s another word for a slum

A

shanty town

67
Q

what’s the biggest factor in affecting land use in MEDC

A

land value, which tends to be higher in the city centre

68
Q

what are 3 differences in land use patters in LEDCs compared to MEDCs

A

-medinas that only really occur in north african cities
-colonial powers affected buildings and street layouts
-wealthier homes and areas surrounding the CBD

69
Q

what are the 3 key reasons for differences in land use in LEDCs compared to MEDCs

A

-colonial powers
-rural-urban migration
-lack of planning

70
Q

how does colonial powers impact differences in land use

A

when cities were taken over by countries like France and the UK we had our influence on them, e.g places colonised by france have boulevards and similar architecture

71
Q

how does rural-urban migration impact land use in LEDCs

A

more people are migrating to larger cities with no money, so they can’t always afford housing so end up living in favelas and shanty towns

72
Q

how does lack of planning impact land use differences in LEDCs

A

governments don’t always control or plan certain areas meaning favelas can be created because there is open space that the government hasn’t built on

73
Q

define suburbanisation

A

the movement of people from living in the inter parts of a city to living on the outer edge, usually by more wealthier people

74
Q

what are some key features of suburbanised areas

A

developed transport links
increase in car ownership
large industrial units
modern residential, curved streets, cul-de-sacs, detached homes

75
Q

what’s a local example of a suburban development

A

Faverdale/West Park

76
Q

what are two reasons why the north west of darlington in particular has experienced suburbanisation

A

-cheap flat land
-close to good transport links
-A1 and A68

77
Q

what are some positive social changes suburbanisation causes

A

-new housing, especially for families
-more land for car parking, garages etc
-access to open countryside, lower levels of pollution

78
Q

what are some negative social changes that suburbanisation causes

A

-more people=more crime
-housing can be very expensive, causing social segregation
-public transport may be limited as it’s on the urban fringe

79
Q

what are some positive economic changes suburbanisation causes

A

-more jobs, mostly in the tertiary sector like construction or leisure
-new infrastructure like road networks and business parks, can attract investment

80
Q

what are some negative economic changes suburbanisation causes

A

-can lead to the decline of a CBD
-many jobs are low paid and low skilled, like Aldi and M&S in Faverdale
-more road congestion=more fuel need, slowing down deliveries

81
Q

what are some positive environmental changes that suburbanisation causes

A

-more room for open space
-more environmentally friendly buildings, with solar panels etc
-places to charge electric vehicles
-more flood prevention schemes, SUDS

82
Q

what are some negative environmental changes that suburbanisation causes

A

-more causes causing more air pollution
-loss of green space= less biodiversity
-decreased air quality due to more industry and vehicles

83
Q

how many houses have been developed in west park, of a mixed price range and tenure

A

over 700

84
Q

what are some local retail facilities in the faverdale development

A

M&S , Aldi, Co-Op

85
Q

how many jobs have been created in faverdale

A

100 jobs

86
Q

how has road infrastructure been changed in Faverdale

A

-a road widening scheme
-Roundabout improvements

87
Q

what is the bus services like in west park?

A

very intermittent, not regular very limited

88
Q

how big is the nature reserve in west park and what type of land was it built on

A

12 hectare, on brownfield land

89
Q

are there any community groups within west park?

A

Friends of West Park, helps organise community events in the park

90
Q

define counter urbanisation

A

process of moving from an urban area to smaller urban areas or rural areas beyond the city boundary, usually by wealthier groups

91
Q

what’s a local example of counter urbanisation

A

Heighington

92
Q

what’s 2 examples of how we know heighington has experienced counter urbanisation since 1968

A

-introduction of bypass, more people means more cars and a way to reduce congestion is needed
-the village has expanded west, we can tell this is new development as most streets are cul-de-sacs and have curved roads

93
Q

what are 4 push factors for counter urbanisation

A

-increase traffic/congestion
-perceived crime rates, people may think there’s more crime
-poor levels of education
-poorer environmental quality

94
Q

what are 5 pull factors for counter urbanisation

A

-good/better education
-sense of community within a smaller village
-new houses
-lack of congestion
-quieter and close to the natural environment

95
Q

where was Heighington judged in BBCs perfect village

A

first, ahead of 11 other shortlisted villages from the whole UK

96
Q

what are some services/functions within Heighington

A

St Michaels Church, primary school, post office, spar shop, two pubs etc

97
Q

what are the two demographics that have in-migrated here more than any other

A

young wealthy families
retired

98
Q

how much of the population have access to two or more cars

A

50%

99
Q

what is the transport infrastructure like here

A

very accessible, 4 miles to the A1 and 8 miles to Darlington train station

100
Q

in total, are there more negative impacts than positive about the Heighington counter urbanisation

A

more negative

101
Q

what are 3 negative social impacts

A

-growth in the village school has caused traffic congestion on narrow roads and conflict with locals
-traditional narrow streets in the village centre aren’t designed for high car owndership
-conflict between property developers and villagers who don’t want the village to expand

102
Q

what are some negative economic impacts of the counter urbanisation of Heighington

A

-increases house prices, negative impact on first time buyers
-decline in services so people have to travel to nearby towns
-public houses (pubs) have increased prices and higher end foods

103
Q

what is one negative environmental impacts of counter urbanisation

A

increased development and destroyed greenland, loss of wildlife and vegetation which increasing flood risk

104
Q

what is a positive social and economic factor of suburbanisation in heighington

A

-rural dereliction decreased as wealthy are converting them into homes

105
Q

what’s the definition of gentrification

A

where wealthier individual buy and renovate properties in more run-down areas

106
Q

when did gentrification happen the most in the UK

A

1980s

107
Q

where’s an example of gentrification in the UK

A

Hackney, Borough in North London

108
Q

has hackney seen decline in deprivation since 2004

A

yes, it’s seen a decline and the borough it wealthier

109
Q

what is a key characteristics of gentrified areas in hackney

A

new businesses charging more, targeting wealthier people

110
Q

What are some key characteristics of Cricket field road in Hackney

A

-319% increase in house prices
-1999 £130,000 - 2012 £545,250

111
Q

what are four positives of gentrification

A

-improved property values
-increases local tax, which in turn creates more money to spend on local schools etc
-it draws in new businesses
- crime rates may fall if an area looks well looked after

112
Q

what are four negatives of gentrification

A

-high demand can cause problems, home owners may be forced out their homes
- disproportionately affects marginalised communities
-increases community conflict
-cost of living rises

113
Q

what are two examples of post modern buildings

A

The Burj al Arab, Dubai
The Gherkin, London

114
Q

why has the style of buildings and urban design changed

A

modernism and post modernism

115
Q

describe the characteristics of a modern city

A

concrete, straight lines, efficiency of architecture and a clear revision of functional zones.

116
Q

name two local modernist buildings

A

U.S Department of health and human services, Washington DC

Darlington Town Hall

117
Q

what is post modernism

A

a rejection of the ideas of modernism, decoration and variety is important and new tech and materials allowed buildings to be more free whilst also being historic too.

118
Q

when did post modernism start to occur

A

late 20th century

119
Q

what are some examples of post-modern buildings

A

the gherkin , shard, cheese grater etc

120
Q

what are 3 key features of a modernism urban design

A

-concrete and plain designs
-straight lines and right angles
-that big, overall designs that were eggicial were key (urban utopia)

121
Q

what are 3 main features of post modernist urban design

A

-rejection of the ideas of modernism
-buildings become freer but still incorporating historical features
-attempts to design communities that are enjoyable and comfortable to live in

122
Q

what are two other charachteristics of a post modern city

A

ethnically diverse communities
jobs living into the tertiary sector

123
Q

define the term urban resurgence

A

the regeneration, both economic and structural of an urban area which has suffered decline

124
Q

define the term cultural and heritage quarter

A

cultural quarters are home to cultural activities which includes cultural production
heritage quarters are areas that focus on the history of a place

125
Q

define primary industry

A

the sector of economy making direct use of natural resources e.g mining, forestry

126
Q

define secondary industry

A

the sector of economy involved in processing or manufacturing to produce finished capital or consumer goods

127
Q

define tertiary industry

A

the sector of the economy concerned with providing services

128
Q

what’s an example of urban resurgence and a cultural and heritage quarter

A

newcastle quayside

129
Q

what are 3 main characteristics of newcastle quayside

A

-new modern buildings with a traditional element
-many paths and cycle routes, next to the road (poor envi quality)
-lots of street furniture, plants, benches, deckchairs, urban beach etc

130
Q

what are 4 well known buildings in newcastle quayside area

A
  • baltic centre for contemporary art
    -millennium bridge
    -the sage
    -the tyne bridge
131
Q

what style of buildings is usually found on the quayside

A

a mixture between post modern and traditional buildings

132
Q

what are some characteristics of the quayside in 1928 compared to now

A
  • it was heavily industrialised, raw materials were imported and exported by ships
    -manufactured goods were being made
    -environmental quality was very poor
133
Q

has rejuvenation and redevelopment in newcastle quayside been a success?

A

mostly a success, the industry has lead to less air pollution as there are no primary jobs now and it’s physical appearance has improved
However a loss in industry and manufacturing has caused many job losses

134
Q

is the quayside more an example of resurgence/regeneration or a cultural/heritage quarter

A

resurgence and regeneration

135
Q

apart from newcastle quayside what’s another example of a cultural/heritage quarter

A

Liverpools culture quarter

136
Q

what is the liverpool culture quarter walk

A

a walk into the sights and heritage of the city, every saturday and it includes seeing st george’s hall, world museum, walker art gallery, central library and st john’s gardens etc

137
Q

where in liverpool has been crowned of the UNESCO world heritage status

A

St George’s Quarter

138
Q

what are some key features about st george’s quarter

A

-some of liverpools finest architecture
-Weeping window sculpture
-world museum, Walker art gallery (all on William Brown Street)
-liverpool empire( largest two tier auditorium in britain)

139
Q

define an fortress development

A

fortress developments are designed around security, protection and exclusion usually to reduce crime

140
Q

what’s a UK example of a fortress development

A

Wynyard and Greenhays(Manchester)

141
Q

what are some positives of fortress developments

A
  • can reduce crime
    -people like families feel safer in their homes
    -increased home security
    -higher environmental quality
142
Q

what are some negatives of fortress developments

A

-segregation between social classes etc
-higher house prices
-conflict between communities which can lead to crime

143
Q

what aspects of CBDs could be classed as fortress developments

A

shopping centres
leisure and recreation centre sb
any public service with private security

144
Q

what are 4 characteristics of an edge city

A

-usually the result of urban sprawl
-usually wealthy people move here and leave poor people in original city boundary
-residents rarely go back too original city as they have their own new functions here
- wide range of services and ammenites e.g schools, entertainment etc

145
Q

define an edge city

A

settlements that have emerged beyond the original city boundary and have developed as cities in their own right

146
Q

what’s an example of an edge city

A

LA- core city of LA. is approx 30km wife but the metropolitan area around it holds 20+ edge cities like Beverly Hills and Santa Monica

147
Q

what are two positives of edge cities

A

reduce population pressure in the core city
new jobs and services

148
Q

what are two negatives of edge cities

A

social segregation between social classes
closure of shops in core city to move to edge cities can create job loss

Geog Urban (7 decks)

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