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Geog Urban > Urban BK 2 > Flashcards

Urban BK 2 Flashcards

1
Q

define the term tenure

A

how much you pay for your house

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2
Q

define the term economic inequality

A

the difference between levels of living standards, income etc across the whole economic distribution

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3
Q

define the term social segregation

A

groups of people live apart from the larger population due to factors like wealth, ethnicity, religion or age

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4
Q

define the term cultural diversity

A

the existence of a variety of cultural or ethnic groups within a society

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5
Q

why would a university student live on campus or in the inner city

A

because it’s very cheap, close to public transport and university

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6
Q

why would immigrants tend to live in the inner city

A

very cheap housing and always an option to rent

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7
Q

where would a high income family with two or more cars tend to live and why

A

outer suburbs or the urban edge, more expensive larger homes and have cars to commute places

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8
Q

where would a single professional on a high income tend to live and why

A

inner city or a gentrified/rejuvenated area because homes/apartments are smaller and easy access to work, retail nightlife etc

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9
Q

what are 6 factors that influence social segregation

A

housing stock
tenure
social housing
income
family status/life cycle
ethnicity

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10
Q

how does housing stock impact social segregation

A

different housing attracts different people, for example people on a higher income are more likely to be able to commute so will live further away from the inner city

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11
Q

how does tenure impact social segregation

A

private rented accommodation like flats or terraced housing is usually found close to the city centre, whereas owner occupied housing is usually found on the suburbs

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12
Q

how does social housing impact social segregation

A

usually found in the uber city or towards the urban edge, found in Darlington

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13
Q

how does income impact social segregation

A

the type of house any person decided to buy or rent will depend on their income, usually will be sectors of high or low income groups

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14
Q

how does ethnicity impact social segregation

A

usually dominate certain areas which tends to be near the inner city but can be spread unevenly

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15
Q

why do ethnic groups tend to locate in a distinct area

A

family ties, a sense of community, services and functions relating to their ethnicity in one area and being close to people or the same race etc

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16
Q

name two suburbs in middlesbrough and stockton which tend to be occupied by people of high wealth

A

Ingleby barwick
nunthorpe

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17
Q

what is the least wealthiest area of middlesbrough and stockton

A

Middlehaven

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18
Q

what’s the percentage of unemployment in middlehaven compared to nunthorpe

A

+10% in middlehaven, between 0% and 2% in nunthorpe

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19
Q

what’s unemployment like in the inner city parts such as university ward and Gresham ward

A

very high, between 8% and 10%

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20
Q

what are 4 wards of Middlesbrough that are predominantly social housing

A

beck field, pallister, parkend and thorn tree

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21
Q

comparing nunthorpe to university ward what % of people were born outside the UK

A

nunthorpe = 3.1%
university = 16%

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22
Q

how have social factors in middlesborough lead to inequality and social segregation

A

ethnicity groups living in particular areas leads to social exclusion, as communities aren’t mixing, they tend to live in wards such as middle haven and university as they are located in the inner city

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23
Q

how do economic factors lead to segregation and inequality in middlesbrough

A

housing types, cheaper homes tend to be located in the inner city such as old victorian or council estates, which less wealthy people dominate

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24
Q

how do environmental factors lead to segregation and inequality in middlesborough

A

space and countryside near the urban edge means that wealthy people can live and migrate to the suburbs, such as nunthorpe and ingleby barwick

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25
Q

how does the process of deindustrialisation impact inequality and segregation in middlesborough

A

council estates used to be built close to industry which causes major job loss in poorer wards like middle haven, this causes economic inequality as segregation as they can’t afford to move anywhere else

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26
Q

what’s another process apart from deindustrialisation that impacts inequality and segregation in middlesborough

A

suburbanisation

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27
Q

what are 3 social and economic issues in urban areas

A

-segregation and discrimination
-decline in services
-dereliction and deindustrialisation

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28
Q

what are 5 ways to manage social and economic issues in urban areas

A

taxation
subsidies
planning
law
education

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29
Q

how does taxation manage social and economic issues in urban areas

A

income tax is used by governments to redistribute wealth from more prosperous to less prosperous groups, to create a fairer society

30
Q

how does subsidies help manage economic and social issues in urban areas

A

governments help reduce inequality by giving subsidies to poorer groups, like free school meals and help with university fees etc, this can also be for pensioners and low wage earners and single parents etc

31
Q

how does planning help manage social and economic issues in urban areas

A

governments, charities and housing when’s its often give priority to upgrading housing and services in the poorest area, such as slums and inner city areas

32
Q

how does law help manage social and economic issues in urban areas

A

legislation existed in MEDCs which outlaws discrimination on racial, ethnic, gender and age to give equal opportunities

33
Q

how does education help manage social and economic issues in urban areas

A

governments often provide funding for training and upgrading skills in order to raise skill levels and qualifications, to improve employment prospects

34
Q

when did deindustrialisation mostly take place in the UK

A

in the second half of the twentieth centaurus

35
Q

before deindustiralisation what was the major driving force of economies in urban areas

A

the industrial revolution, and the rise of the manufacturing industry

36
Q

what are 5 key problems in terms of urban cities and environments

A

housing derelicstion
factory dereliction
homelessness and unemployment
Graffiti and low level crime
riots and anti social behaviour

37
Q

what are 3 main factors associated with the decline of manufacturing

A

1 mechanisation, most firms can produce their goods by using machines rather than people
2 competition from abroad especially India and China
3 reduced demand for traditional products as new materials and technology has been developed

38
Q

what are 3 economic impacts of deindustrialisation in urban areas

A

- loss of jobs and personal disposable incomes
-loss of tax income to the local authority which could lead to the decline in other services
-increase in demand for state benefits

39
Q

what are 3 social impacts of deindustrialisation in urban areas

A

-increase in unemployment
-higher levels of crime, family breakdown, alcohol and drug abuse etc
-loss of confidence and morale in local population

40
Q

what are 3 environmental impacts linked to deindustrialisation in urban areas

A

-derelict land and buildings
-long term pollution of land from ‘dirty’ industries like iron foundries
-reduction in noise land and water pollution

41
Q

what are the 4 policies in the UK since 1979

A

urban development corporations (1979-90)
enterprise zones (1981)
city challenge (1991-1997)
partnership schemes, new deals for communities (2000s)

42
Q

describe urban development corporations

A

government agencies that were given responsibility for the regeneration of an area, made up from people in the local business community

43
Q

what are 3 pros of urban development corporations

A

-regeneration meant people had better quality of living in mostly inner city areas
-more jobs, created 190,000 nationally
-effective in attracting new businesses to run down areas, by 1990s over £12 billion worth of investment was attracted

44
Q

what are 3 cons of urban development corporations

A

-they were free from the rules of the local authorities, which meant that existing plans were ignored which could have caused conflict
-local people were not involved, which meant new investment and development might not have benefited them
-may not have created enough housing or jobs for the demand

45
Q

describe enterprise zones

A

small areas of land that’s aim was to attract businesses like high tech tertiary and quarternary to relocate there

46
Q

what we’re 4 pros of enterprise zones

A

-new areas for businesses, more land to build on
-reduced rates and relaxation of planning restrictions for businesses that want to invest here
- new diverse and more jobs available
-helps areas suffering from deindustrialisation

47
Q

what were two cons of enterprise zones

A

- not enough jobs may be created
-areas and businesses close by had none of the special incentives these ones in the zones had, which could end up in dereliction and loss of jobs

48
Q

describe city challenge

A

where local authorised came up with projects for businesses where the winners would win financial gain, to be used on regeneration
the city with the best scheme won

49
Q

what are 3 pros of city challenge

A

-businesses can be regenerated which could end up in more jobs being created, the fact that cities had to compete meant better regeneration schemes were made
-equal importance was given to buildings, people and their values
-improved 40,000 homes, 53,000 jobs made and 2000 ha of derelict land reclaimed

50
Q

what are 3 cons of city challenge

A

-some areas may not gain as much financially as others, resources were thinly spread over large areas
-money was lost preparing bids by local authorities that didn’t end up winning funding
-some people we’re at a disadvantage if they didn’t understand the criteria of the project

51
Q

describe new deals for communities

A

these were schemes to carry out a 10 year strategy to transform 39 most deprived neighbourhoods and the quality of life for their residents and businesses

52
Q

what are 2 pros of new deals for communities

A

-gaps with both national and local authority levels had generally narrowed
-between 2002 and 2008 NCD areas saw improvement in 32 out of 39 core indicators spanning crime, education, health and unemployment etc

53
Q

where in middlesborough was regeneration by part of the teeside development corporation

A

Middlehaven

54
Q

when was the teeside development corporation (TDC) established

A

1987

55
Q

where did the TDCs schemes develop near and what sort of projects did it include

A

on former industrial land on both sides of the river tees and hartlepool, ranging from housing, commercial, light industrial and leisure projects

56
Q

what are 4 of the TDCs flagship developments

A

tees barrage
hartlepool marina
teeside park
teesdale business park

57
Q

how long did teeside development corporation last for

A

11 years

58
Q

what are 6 key characteristics the TDC put in place

A

- 4.6 million sq ft of non-housing development
- 1,306 housing units built
-12,226 jobs created
-£1.089 million of private finance was leveraged/invested in
-around 1,295 acres of derelict land was reclaimed
-22 miles of new road and footpaths put in place

59
Q

what are 4 social impacts of the teeside redevelopment

A

-more facilities like indoor skiing and bowling
-new apartments and hotels
-mboro college close
-nightlife and new bars built

60
Q

what are 4 economic impacts of the teeside redevelopment

A

-leisure facilities brings more people and tourists to the area which means more money
-creating more jobs, mostly low paid and skilled
-£10 million road bridge
-may lead to new investment and therefore more regeneration

61
Q

what are 3 environmental impacts of the teeside development

A

-dock area cleaned up from previous industry
-modern and attractive buildings, visual pollution improved
-less pollution, air and river

62
Q

what are four negatives of teeside development corporations

A

- created mostly low paid and low skilled jobs
-destroyed vast amounts of green space, habitats and biodiversity
-took business away from stockton centre
-the dock area looks unfinished and the ski centre was never built

63
Q

what percentage of middlehaven is unemployed

A

57.1% of adults

64
Q

what percentage of middlehaven lives in social housing compared to full ownership

A

39.7% of people, only 19% own their homes

65
Q

what are 3 socioeconomic facts about london

A

-one of the most diverse cities and have recieved migrants from all over the world
-the lack of affordable housing has said to be causing families to breakup, reducing employment prospects and slowing down the economy
-gentrification is very high here, this is causing conflict between new and old residents, closing of businesses and social segregation and inequality

66
Q

how is cultural diversity similar in both london and middlesbrough

A

ethnic groups other than white live close to the inner city, whereas white people tend to live in the outer suburbs and urban edge

67
Q

what’s an example of an LEDC with higher social segregation and economic inequalities

A

Mumbai, India

68
Q

would you expect economic inequality to be greater or smaller in Mumbai compared to MEDCs and why

A

greater, because it’s an emerging nation so the gap between the rich and the poor

69
Q

what land use in LEDCs tend to segregate the rich and the poor

A

slums and favelas

70
Q

what are three reasons for the causes of inequality

A

1) governments may have policies in place which clearly are failing to reduce inequality, some governments may be corrupt
2) LEDCs aren’t planned like MEDC cities and are often unregulated, so many slums can be developed
3)migrants aren’t wealthy and tend to settle in undesirable locations illegally, like flood prone areas and close to polluting industry

71
Q

what are five solutions to try and solve economic inequality

A

-affordable and accessible public transport
-creating a minimum wage or living wage
-access to homes that are affordable
-free education
-minimum environmental standards

Geog Urban (7 decks)

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