Urban

Question 0

Beaux arts

Answer 0

the movement within city planning and urban design that stressed marriage of older, classical forms with newer, industrial ones. Common characteristics of this period include wide thoroughfares, spacious parks, and civic monuments that stressed progress, freedom and national unity.

Question 1

action space

Answer 1

the geographical area that contains the space an individual interacts with on a daily basis

Question 2

blockbusting

Answer 2

As early as 1900, real estate agents and developers encouraged affluent white property owners to sell their homes and businesses at a loss by stoking fears that their neighborhoods were being overtaken by racial or ethnic minorities.

Question 3

central business district

Answer 3

the downtown or nucleus of a city where retail stores, offices, and cultural activities are concentrates; building densities are usually quite high; and transportation systems converge.

Question 4

central place theory

Answer 4

formulated by Walter Christaller in the early 1900’s that explains the size and distribution of cities in terms of a competitive supply of goods and services to dispersed populations.

Question 5

City Beautiful Movement

Answer 5

movement in environmental design that drew directly from the beaux arts school. Architects from this movement strove to impart order on hectic, industrial centers by creating urban spaces that conveyed a sense of morality and civic pride, which many feared was absent from the frenzied new industrial world.

Question 6

Colonial city

Answer 6

cities established by colonizing empires as administrative centers. Often they were established on already existing native cities, completely overtaking their infrastructures.

Question 7

concentric zone model

Answer 7

model that describes urban environments as a series of rings of the same functions of urban areas, but in a sprawling, decentralized suburban environment.

Question 8

European cities

Answer 8

Cities in Europe that were mostly developed during the Medieval Period and that retain many of the same characteristics such as extreme density development with marrow buildings and winding streets, an ornate church that prominently marks the city center, and high walls surrounding the city center that provided defense against attack.

Question 9

exurbanite

Answer 9

person who has left the inner city and moved to outlying suburbs or rural areas.

Question 10

Feudal city

Answer 10

cities that arose during the Middle Ages that actually represent a time of relative stagnation in urban growth. This system fostered a dependent relationship between wealthy landowners and peasants who worked their land, providing very little alternative economic opportunities.

Question 11

forward capital

Answer 11

a capital city placed in a remote or peripheral area for economic, strategic or symbolic reasons

Question 12

gateway city

Answer 12

cities, that, because of their geographic location, act as ports of entry and distribution centers for large geographic areas.

Question 13

Gentrification

Answer 13

The trend of middle and upper income Americans moving into city centers and rehabilitating much of the architecture but also replacing low income populations, and changing the social character of certain neighborhoods.

Question 14

Ghettoization

Answer 14

A process occurring in many inner cities in which they become dilapidated centers of poverty, as affluent whites move out to the suburbs and immigrants and people of color vie for scarce jobs and resources.

Question 15

Great Migration

Answer 15

An early 20th century mass movement of African Americans from the Deep South to the industrial North, particularly Chicago.

Question 16

hinterland

Answer 16

the market area surrounding an urban center, which that urban center serves.

Question 17

Inner-city decay

Answer 17

Those parts of large urban areas that lose significant portions of their populations as a result of change in industry or migration to suburbs. Because of these changes, the inner city loses its tax base and becomes a center of poverty.

Question 18

Islamic Cities

Answer 18

Cities in Muslim countries that owe their structure to their religious beliefs. Islamic cities contain mosques at their center and walls guarding their perimeter. Open-air markets, courtyards surrounded by high walls, and dead-end streets, which limit foot traffic in residential neighborhoods, also characterize

Question 19

Latin American cities

Answer 19

owe much of their structure to colonialism, the rapid rise of industrialization and continual rapid increases in population. Similar to other colonial cities, they also demonstrate distinctive sectors of industrial or residential development radiating out from the central business district, where most industrial and financial activity occurs.

Question 20

Megacities

Answer 20

Cities, mostly characteristic of the developing world, where high population growth and migration have caused them to explode in population since WWII. All Megacities are plagued by chaotic and unplanned growth, terrible pollution and widespread poverty.

Question 21

Megalopolis

Answer 21

Several, metropolitan areas that were originally separate but that have joined together to form a large, sprawling urban complex.

Question 22

Metropolitan area

Answer 22

Within the US, an urban area consisting of one or more whole county units, usually containing several urbanized areas, or suburbs, that all act together as a coherent economic whole.

Question 23

Modern architecture

Answer 23

point of view, wherein cities and buildings are thought to act like well ioled machines, with very little energy spent on frivolous details and ornate designs. Efficient, geometrical structures made of concrete and glass dominated urban forms for half a century while this view prevailed.

Question 24

Multiple nuclei model

Answer 24

Type of urban form wherein cities have numerous centers of business and cultural activity instead of one central place.

Question 25

New urbanism

Answer 25

a movement in urban planning to promote mixed use commercial and residential development and pedestrian friendly, community oriented cities. New urbanism is a reaction to the sprawling, automobile centered cities of the mid-twentieth century.

Question 26

node

Answer 26

geographical centers of activity. a large city, such as LA, has numerous nodes.

Question 27

Postmodern architecture

Answer 27

a reaction in architectural design to the feeling of sterile alienation that many people get from modern architecture. Postmodernism used older, historical styles and a sense of lightheartedness and eclecticism. Buildings combine pleasant looking forms and playful colors to convey new ideas and to create spaces that are more people friendly than their modernist predecessors.

Question 28

Primate city

Answer 28

a country’s leading city, with a population that is disproportionately greater than other urban areas within the same country.

Question 29

Rank-size rule

Answer 29

Rule that states the population of any given town should be inversely proportional to its rank in the country’s hierarchy when the distribution of cities according to their sizes follows a certain pattern..

Question 30

Sector model

Answer 30

a model or urban land use that places the central business district in the middle with wedge shaped radiating outwards from the center along transportation corridors.

Question 31

Segregation

Answer 31

the process that results from suburbanization when affluent individuals leave the city center for homogenous suburban neighborhoods. This process isolates those individuals who cannot afford to consider relocating to suburban neighborhoods and must remain in certain pockets of central city.

Question 32

Squatter settlements

Answer 32

residential developments characterized by extreme poverty that usually exist on land just outside of cities that is neither owened nor rented by its occupants

Question 33

Suburb

Answer 33

residential communities, located outside of city centers, that are usually relatively homogenous in terms of population

Question 34

Urban growth boundary

Answer 34

geographical boundaries placed around a city to limit suburban growth within that city

Question 35

urban morphology

Answer 35

the physical form of a city or urban region

Question 36

urban revitalization

Answer 36

The process occurring in some urban areas experiencing inner city decay that usually involves the construction of new shopping districts, entertainment venues, and cultural attractions to entice young urban professionals back into cities where nightlife and culture are more accessible.

Question 37

Urban Sprawl

Answer 37

the process of expansive suburban development over large areas spreading out from a city, in which the automobile provides the primary sources of transportation.

Question 38

white flight

Answer 38

the abandonment of cities by affluent or middle class white residents. White flight was particularly problematic during the mid-twentieth century because it resulted in the loss of tax revenues in cities, which led to inner-city decay. This process reversed itself somewhat during the 1990s and 2000s with urban revitalization projects.

Question 39

World city

Answer 39

centers of economic, culture, and political activity that are strongly interconnected and together control the global systems of finance and commerce.