Urban Flashcards
definition
urbanisation
an increase in the percatage of people living in towns and cities
definition
megacity
urban area with a total population of 10M+
urban to rural
push fastor: too loud, no fresh air, expensive houses
pull factor: open air, cheaper houusing
rural to urban
-push: dorught destroyed crops no longer source of income, bad schools/few, lack of healthcare facilities, crime
pull: uk’s low pressure so lots of rain, advaces healthcare facilities, stricter law so less crime
challanges
slums and squat settlments
- lack of affordable housing
- due to high population density disease can spread very quickly
- highg infant mortality rates at 50 per 1000
- houses made from cardboard, wood
- in poorest areas 10% have no acess to clean water, 50% lack proper sanitation
challanges
clean water, sanitation,energy provision
- illegal tapping lead to 1/3 of fresh piped water being lost
- wells can be polluted
- droughts have increased pressure of supplying fresh water as resevoirs have dired up
- 200 tons of raw sewage pured into guanabara bay
challanges
healthcare/ education
- only 50% of kids continue with education post 14 more likey to be unemployed
- 6-14 composury, not enough time to learn
challanges
recusing unemployemnt and crime
- hude difference in rich and poor
- ememployment greater than 90% in the favels
- 1/3 of workiers in informal secotry doing badly paid/ dangerous jobs e.g. streeet vendinhg, car wash
- criminal gamgs
urban challanges
enviromental
- 3.1 M tons of waste generated in ri per year - landfill
- narrow/ steep roads so garbage trucks cant acsess all houses
- 50% of household waste is organic and composted
an LIC you have studied
Rio
location of rio
east coast of brazil
south america
beneath equator
illiteracy rate
rio - 4%
brazil - 22%
life expectancy
rio - 77
brazil - 73
water supply
Rio - 95%
Brazil - 65%
Energy
Rio - 99%
Brazil - 1 in 4 homes
employment importance
Rio - earns 5% of brazils gpd, 2nd most industrial city in brazil
improving quality of life for the urban poor
social
- new sewage system built, improved sanitation and stopped disease spreading
- new schools and day cares built
- centres to help drug addicts and alchaholics
improving quality of life for the urban poor
enviromental
- pipeline dug to remove water during times of heavy rain
- trees planted to stop landslides
improving quality of life for the urban poor
improving quality of life for the urban poor
limitations
- some residents cahsed in by selling up and moving out to other favels which havent been upgaraded yet
improving quality of life for the urban poor
economic benifits
- project has helped people get leagal ownership of thier properties
- training to help find jobs
- hundreds of buisnesses opened e.g. macdonals
improving quality of life for the urban poor
£200 million proveded to improve 60 favelas
ran from 1995-2008
involved 25300 people
london location and importance
- 40 higher education institutions including some of the worlds top unis, well educated students so peole are attracted to go here
- london is one of the most visited cities in the world, political pressure to keep perfect, , attracts good buisnesses, main part of the country
- london has the highest tourist spend in the world with $21.1 billion in 2011, builds relationship with other countries, economic importance
- londan has the 6th largest city economy in the world, 2012 olympocs, government have to make sre there are good infrastructures and publid transport as big buisnesses are situated here
impacts of migration
- turkish is teh 2nd most spoken language in islington
- turkish resturants in upper street
- 1/3 of national migration is to london
- ## 250+ languages cultural mix
changed jobs
before 1980’s people loaded cargo ships but then the ships were too big for the docks
canary warf has been regenerated and now the jobs are investment banks, large firms and companies
rural urban fringe
zone of transition between build up area and the countryside with competition for land use
brownfield sites
land that has been used before and abandoned
greenfield sites
plot of land that hasnt been builded on usually found in rural area
derelict
abandoned buildings and wasteland
green belt
controls land around the city to prevet development into teh countryside
urban sprawl
too many ppl
Brownfield
pros and cons
- expensive to build as land needs to be cleared first from previous industrial use
+ existing buildings can be split into more than one
+ reduces urban sprawl
+ found in uran areas so reduces car use
Greenfield
pros and cons
+ ares which havent been previously built on
+ cheaper to build normally in rural areas
- not favoured by enviromentalists as encourages urban sprwal
- countryside lost
encourages commuting and traffic congestion as people travel into urban areas from the countriside
urban change opportunities
employment
- shordetch old industrail builds inot offices and flats
- 7.6% unemployment compared to 6.3% natioanlly
- avarage wage is 37,000 rather than 30,000
- gentrification may incraese employemnt and recreational activities but may drive original resisents out as they cant afford it
- new young people work in creative sectors
urban change opportunities
integrated transport
- 25% of londons journeys is public transport
- contactless oyster card makes transport easier
- overground conneccted areas e.g. shoreditch with the west and south
urban change opportunities
urban greening
- 700 gardes on roofs e.g.g stratford roughly 25 football pitches
- major new building [rojects take into concideration urban green spaces including olympic village
urban change opportunities
cultural mix
- difficult to balance preservation and intergration of cltures whihc can create tension
- multiculturalism e.g. notting hill carnival
- range of food, music and languages e.g. BBC asian audio
urban change opportunities
recreation and entertainmet
- west end, shows
- buckingham palace/ houses of parlient
- huge number of cimena venues liek vue
- pubs and bars have been brought back to lief as gallaries and resturanst
- themed cafes e.g. ceral killer £5 per bowl
social deprivation meaning
limited access to society’s resources due to poverty, discrimination, or other disadvantage
cyle fact london
increased from 1% to 15% due to new cycle lanes
why is there still callanges in lodnon
- emmisions from road verchles and modern heting systems increasd the problems of air pollution
- largest n02 concentartion
- 1/4 of waste still goes to landfill which contributes to the production of methane adding greehouse gases to the atmosphere, this can be prevented by recycling and managaing recouses carefully
kensington vs newham
private housing, clean air, low crime, low popukation density/ high crime rates lack of greenspace, close to busy roads so air pollutiona nd noise
m: 83.7 w: 87.8 / m: 75.7 w: 79.8
80% expected to get 5 good gcse grades/ 62% m expected to get 5 good gcse grades
unemployemnt 3.4%/ 9.4%
9% below 15K/ 26% below 15K joint income
pollution deaths
4,000+ annnually
stratford before vs after
- westfild shopping centre employs over 10K
- most of site wasnt residential only 500 homes
- east village provides 2,800 new homes but very expensiv
- open spaces
- cleaned rivers, reduced eurthifiction
socail
stratford regeneration
- unemployent fell overall dueing olympic perod
- aquatitic centre now uses 50m pools and facillities for the school
- almost half of teh 2800 homes in east village will be afordable 40%
- mny ppl remin in povery surrounding olympic park e.g. hackney wick
- unaffordable homes
- during gegenertion there were no jobs avaliable
economic
stratford regeneration
- tube station links london and stratford second to only kings cross -as teh most connected prt fo london
- broght £9bn of investment to east londo
- eastimated that olympics will geberate 10bn in extra income for uk economy
- total bill was £5bn over budget
- rents have gone up as a result of the games
- 3 times more tgn esitiated cost, angered locals
enviromenal
stratford regeneration
- stadium made up of 25% recycled materials
- new habittats made
- relocation od 4000 newts, 100 toads
- games produces 3.3 M tonnes of CO2
