ur mom (exam 6) Flashcards
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describe diatoms, dinoflagellates, ciliates, radiolarians, forams
diatoms- highly diverse unicellular algae that are a major component of phytoplankton
dinoflagellates- diverse group of aquatic photoautotrophs, mixotrophs, and heterotrophs with two flagella
ciliates- varied group of protists that use cilia to move and feed; predators of bacteria or other protists; contain micronuclei and macronuclei; undergo conjugation
radiolarians- protists that have delicate, symmetrical internal skeletons generally made of silica; mostly marine; microtubules reinforce pseudopodia; Cytoplasm engulfs prey that become attached to the pseudopodia
forams- protists with porous shells, called tests; freshwater and marine; pseudopodia extend through pores in test; some have symbiosis with algae living within their tests
differentiate between golden algae, brown algae, red algae, and green algae
golden algae- algae containing yellow and brown carotenoids; all are photosynthetic, some are mixotrophs; most are unicellular, but some are colonial
brown algae- largest and most complex algae; all are multicellular and most are marine; brown algae include many species commonly called “seaweeds”
red algae- multicellular algae that are the most abundant large algae in coastal waters; color varies from greenish-red in shallow water to dark red or almost black in deep water; reddish in color due to an accessory pigments called phycoerythrin which masks the green of chlorophyll; red algae are usually multicellular; the largest are seaweeds
green algae- paraphyletic group that is closely related to plants; contain grass-green chloroplasts; charophytes and chlorophytes
describe the benefits/ challenges of plants living on land
benefits:
-unfiltered sunlight -more plentiful CO2 -nutrient-rich soil
challenges:
-scarcity of water -lack of structural support against gravity
key traits of plants
-alternation of generations
-multicellular, dependent embryos
-walled spores produced in sporangia
-multicellular gametangia
-apical meristems
derived traits of plants
cuticle- a wavy covering of the epidermis
stomata- specialized cells that allow for gas exchange between the outside air and the plant
function of xylem, phloem, leaves, roots
xylem- vascular tissue that conducts most of the water and minerals
phloem- vascular tissue that distributes sugar, amino acids, and other organic products
leaves- organs that increase the surface area of vascular plants, capturing more solar energy for photosynthesis
roots- organs that anchor vascular plants and enable water and nutrients absorption from soil
microphylls, megaphylls, sporophylls
microphylls- small, often spine-shaped leaves with a single vein
megaphylls- larger leaves with a highly branched vascular system
sporophylls- modified leaves with sporangia
pollination:
(transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules)
-germination pollen grain produces a pollen tube to discharge sperm into the female gametophyte within the ovule
-if a sperm fertilizes the egg, the ovules develops into a seed
-seed consists of sporophyte embryo and its food supply, packaged in a protective coating
benefits of seeds
-eliminate the need for a film of water for reproduction
-can be dispersed great distances by air or animals
-have a supply of stored food
-may remain dormant for days to years, until conditions are favorable for germination
coenocytic fungi and mycorrhiza:
coenocytic fungi- fungi that lack septa; have a continuous cytoplasmic mass with hundreds of thousands of nuclei
mycorrhiza- mutualistic relationship with fungi and plant roots
differentiate between specialized hyphae
haustoria- specialized hyphae on some fungi that allow them to EXTRACT nutrients from plants
arbuscules- specialized hyphae that EXCHANGE nutrients with plant hosts, resulting in a mycorrhiza
ectomycorrhizal fungi- form sheaths of hyphae over root surface and grow into extracellular spaces of root cortex
carbuncular mycorrhizal fungi- extend arbuscules through root cell wall into tubes formed by imagination of the plasma membrane
pheromone, plasmogamy, heterokaryon, karyogamy, and deuteromycetes
pheromones- sexual signaling molecules that communicate their mating type
plasmogamy- the union of cytoplasm from two parent mycelia
heterokaryon- fungal mycelium in which haploid nuclei coexist in a fused portion
karyogamy- nuclear fusion of haploid nuclei, producing diploid cells
deuteromycetes- fungi lacking sexual stage of reproduction
conidia, conidiophores, basidium, basidiocarps, and basidiospores
conidia- spores produced at the tips of conidiophores
conidiophores- specialized hyphae
basidium- transient diploid stage in the life cycle
basidiocarps- fruiting bodies
basidiospores- sexual spores
differentiate between protist supergroups
excavata- characterized by its cytoskeleton; some members have an “excavated” feeding groove on one side of the body
SAR:
stramenopiles- include some of the most important photosynthetic organisms on Earth (hairy and smooth flagella)
alveolates- have membrane-enclosed sacs just under the plasma membrane
rhizarians- include many amoebas that move and feed by pseudopodia
archaeplastida- supergroup that includes red algae, green algae, and plants
unikonta- supergroup that includes animals, fungi, and some protists
fertilization with multicellular gametangia
egg is fertilized by sperm (antheridia) inside archegonia
nonvascular plants, seedless vascular plants, and seed plants
nonvascular plants:
-bryophytes: small, herbaceous (nonwoody) plants (liverworts, mosses, hornworts)
seedless vascular plants:
-phylum lycophyta: club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts
-phylum monilophyta: ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns
seed plants:
gymnosperms: means “naked seeds”; cycadophyta, ginkgophyta, gnetophyta, coniferophyta
angiosperms: most widespread and diverse of all plants; monocots, eudicots, basal angiosperms, magnoliids
identify types of seedless vascular plants and the phyla to which they belong
-club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts (phylum lycophyta)
-ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns (phylum monilophyta)
describe properties of seed plants
seeds: consist of an embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat
reduced gametophytes: microscopic gametophytes develop within the walls of spores
heterospory: megasporangia (produce megaspores that give rise to female gametophyte) and microsporangia (produce microspores that give rise to male gametophytes
ovules: consist of a megasporangium, megaspores, and one or more integuments
pollen: microspores develops into a pollen grain (male gametophyte enclosed within the pollen wall)
identify components of a seed
consist of an embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat; can disperse over long distances by wind or other means
identify types of seed plants and the phyla to which they belong
gymnosperms: means “naked seeds”
-cycadophyta (cycads): have large cones, palmlike leaves, and flagellated sperm
-ginkgophyta: consists of a single living species ginkgo biloba; have flagellated sperm and high tolerance to air pollution
-gnetophyta: three genera: Gnetum, Ephedra, Welwitschia that vary in appearance and habitants
-coniferophyta: largest of the gymnosperm phyla; most species have woody cones, but some are fleshy; most are evergreens and carry out photosynthesis all year
angiosperms:
-monocots: represent one-quarter of angiosperms; include orchids, grasses, and palms
-eudicots (“true” dicots) include most dicots: more than two-thirds of angiosperms; include the legume and rose families
-basal angiosperms: include Amborella trichopoda, water lilies and star anise
-magnoliids: include both woody and herbaceous plants, more closely related to monocots and eudicots than basal angiosperms
describe key features of flowering plants
-flower: angiosperm structure specialized for sexual reproduction; pollinated by animals or wind; variable in shape, size, color, and odor
-fruit: protect seeds and aid in their dispersal; formed when the ovary wall thickens and matures; mature fruits can be either fleshy or dry; seeds are dispersed by wind, water, or animals
label and describe parts of a flower
-sepals: enclose the flower
-petals: often brightly colored portion that attracts pollinators
-stamens: male reproductive organs
-filament: stalk-like portion of stamen
-anther: sac-like portion of stamen
-carpels: female reproductive organs
-stigma: sticky structure where pollen is received
-style: stalk leading up to a stigma
-ovary: located at the base of a style
-pistil: a single carpel or two or more fused carpels
fertilization in angiosperms
-sporophyte flower has both male and female structures
-male gametophytes are within pollen grains, which develop from microspores (microspores are produced by microsporangia in the anthers)
-female gametophytes are embryo sacs that develop within an ovule; ovule is contained within an ovary
-most flowers can cross-pollinate between different plants of the same species
-pollen grain lands on a stigma and germinates
-pollen tube of the male gametophyte grows down to the ovary
-double fertilization: occurs when two sperm are discharged from pollen tube into the female gametophyte
types of angiosperms and the group to which they belong
-orchids, grasses, and palms (monocots)
-legume and rose families (eudicots)
-amborella trichopoda, water lilies, and star anise (basal angiosperms)
-woody and herbaceous plants (magnoliids)
