Upper_lower_limb homologies

Question 1

What can Elbow do that knee cannot?

Answer 1

Suppination and pronotation

Question 2

Main difference between Thumbs and big toes?

Answer 2

Thumbs are opposable

Question 3

Main differences in function of arms vs. Legs

Answer 3

Arms: grasping + fine movements of fingers; Legs: support weight, standing, walking

Question 4

Explain homology of extremities during development

Answer 4

Bothupper and lower expremtities start as buds that project perpindicular to spinal column; begin to rotate in diff directions

Question 5

Describe movement that lends to different orientations

Answer 5

upper extremity rotates laterally (palms forwad); lower extremity rotates medially (soles of feet back and down)

Question 6

In dermatomes of upper extremity, do higher spinal nerves orient laterally?

Answer 6

Yes. Thumb=C6, Pinky= C8 (lower); opposite in lower extremity (lower extremity- highler spinal levels at medial dermatomes; Big toes= L4, little toes= S1)

Question 7

What are the Lower Extrem equivs of upper extrem attachment limb?

Answer 7

Scapula + Clavicle = Innominate bone

Question 8

What are the lower extrem equivs of Humerus, radius and ulna?

Answer 8

Prox: Humerus= femur; Distal: Radius + Ulna = Tibia + fibula

Question 9

What are lower extrem equivs of wrist bones?

Answer 9

Carpals = Tarsals

Question 10

What are lower extrem equivs of hand bones?

Answer 10

Metacarpals + Phalanges = Metatarsals + Phalanges

Question 11

What are major movements of arm:shoulder?

Answer 11

1)AD/AB; 2) Flx/Ex (up/down); 3) flx/Ex (ant/post) 4) lat/med rotation; 4) Circumduction (circ mvmt)

Question 12

What are other movements of arm?

Answer 12

1) forearm:elb Flx/Ex; 2) hand:wrist Flx/Ex; 3)palm:elbow Protonation/suppination

Question 13

Which movement is major difference of mvmt b/w elbow and knee?

Answer 13

Protonation (palm down- radius crosses over ulna) and Supination

Question 14

Do you know all of the landmarks on scapula and humerus?

Answer 14

Check diagram- 16 of them

Question 15

What is a separated shoulder?

Answer 15

fall on shoulder–> dislocation of acromioclavicular joint; clavicle elevates and scapula falls away–> tear coraco-clavicular and acromioclavicular ligaments

Question 16

What is difference b/w ball and socket joint at hip vs. shoulder?

Answer 16

Shoulder socket (glenoid fossa)= shallower to shoulder than acetabulum is to hip.

Question 17

What is Dislocation of glenohumeral joint?

Answer 17

head of humerus driven infiorly through weakness in joint capsule (no rotator cuff to stabilize shoulder)

Question 18

Where are the two joints in elbow? Which movements do they give?

Answer 18

Hinge joint-Flx/Ex forearm= Humerus:ulna; Rotational Joint= humerus: radius (Forearm supination, pronation)- radius crosses ulna

Question 19

Describe “Wrist pull”?

Answer 19

dislocation by annular ligament (holds radius against humerus and links ulna to radius)

Question 20

Where is upper limb equiv of interosseus membrane?

Answer 20

b/w ulna and humerus (LL= tibia and fibula)

Question 21

Do tendons in hand enter from same direction as those entering ankle?

Answer 21

NO. Tendons go through midline of wrist to enter hand; enter foot from lateral/medial sides of ankle

Question 22

Which fascial layer protects underlying tendons in hand?

Answer 22

Palmar aponeurosis - Superficial fascial layer (like plantar aponeurosis)

Question 23

What prevents bowstrining of tendons in both hands and feet?

Answer 23

Retinacula (fibrous sheeths that make tunnels)

Question 24

What are the bones of the hand?

Answer 24

See Chart

Question 25

Which nerves innervate the hand?

Answer 25

Median nerve and Ulnar Nerve (like medial/lateral plantar nerves)

Question 26

What is layer arrangement of hand?

Answer 26

There are 4 layers (like in foot)

Question 27

Which tendons are in layer 1?

Answer 27

flexor digitorum superficialis and abductors pollicis & digiti minimi

Question 28

Which tendos are in layer 2?

Answer 28

flexor digitorum profundus and lumbricals

Question 29

Which tendons are in layer 3?

Answer 29

ADDuctor pollicis (oblique and transverse heads) and Flexor Pollicis Longus

Question 30

Which tendons are in layer 4?

Answer 30

Palmar (PAD) interossei and Dorsal Interossei (DAB)

Question 31

Are nerves of heand compartmentalized like that of leg/foot?

Answer 31

yes

Question 32

Which nerve gives rise to ulnar and medial nerves?

Answer 32

Musculocutaneous Nerve (elbow and wrist flxn/extns)

Question 33

Which nerves innervate anterior and posterior arm?

Answer 33

Ant= Musculocutaneous nerve; Post = radial nerve

Question 34

Describe innervation of anterior forearm muscles

Answer 34

Ant= Median nerve innervates all muscles except those done by ulnar nerve: Flexor carpi ulnaris and 1/2 of flexor digitorum profundis

Question 35

Describe innervation of posterior forearm

Answer 35

Post= radial nerve

Question 36

Do you know the innervation of hand?

Answer 36

See table

Question 37

What is equivalent of foot drop in hand?

Answer 37

Wrist drop- caused by damage of radial nerve in axilla

Question 38

In foot drop which muscles lose innervation?

Answer 38

Lose extention @ Triceps brachii in arm and extensors of forearm. No sensation post arm/foraem, dorsolat hand, dorsoprox of lat 3.5 digits

Question 39

Equivalent upper extrem equiv to lumbosacral plexus of pelvis?

Answer 39

Brachial plexus (more susceptible to damage)

Question 40

Describe divisions of artery in Arm

Answer 40

Subclavian–> axillary (armpit)–> brachial (arm)–> (forearm) Radial + Ulnar (differences in location reflects medial rotation)

Question 41

Where are the anastamoses in arm?

Answer 41

Shoulder and elbow

Question 42

What is major branch of brachial artery?

Answer 42

Profunda Brachii

Question 43

What are the arterial arches of hand?

Answer 43

Deep palmar arch from radial A and Superficial Palmar arch from ulnar A.