upper respiratory tract

Question 1

components of urt

Answer 1

nasal cavity 
paranasal sinuses 
most 
pharynx 
larynx 
trachea 
bronchi

Question 2

functions URT

Answer 2

1. conduct air to lungs
2. modification of air
3. thermoregulation
4. defend against harmful substances
5. olfaction and gustation

Question 3

how does URT modify air temperature

Answer 3

surface area large with rich blood supply

turbulent air flow

Question 4

which part is used for olfaction?

Answer 4

caudal nasal cavity - ethmoturbinates

mucosa contains many olfactory cells and axons pas through the cribriform plate and into olfactory bulb of the brain

Question 5

gustation

Answer 5

taste - smell and taste important for food gathering territory marking and mating

Question 6

gustation innervation

Answer 6

taste buds of tongue -
rostral 2/3 - lingual nerve, chorda tympani and facial nerve
caudal 1/3 - glossopharyngeal SVA

Question 7

nasopalatine/incisive duct

Answer 7

small duct runs through palatine tissue connecting oral and nasal cavities

Question 8

vomeronasal organs and innervation

Answer 8

paired organs - detection of pheromones
embedded in hard palate
CNI and CNV maxillary

Question 9

why are horses obligate nasal breathers?

Answer 9

long soft palate and epiglottis sits above it

Question 10

how is URT modified during exercise in horses?

Answer 10

dilation of external nares
vasoconstriction of nasal mucosa
dilation of glottis

Question 11

nasal diverticulum

Answer 11

false nostril

Question 12

structure supporting nostrils of horses

Answer 12

alar cartilages

Question 13

innervation for dilation of nostrils

Answer 13

facial nerve

Question 14

innervation of nasal cavity

Answer 14

olfactory CNI SVA
maxillary CNV SA
ophthalmic CNV SA

Question 15

sensory difference between oral cavity and oral pharynx

Answer 15

CN IX - pharynx

CN V - cavity

Question 16

where are opening of auditory tubes?

Answer 16

lateral walls of nasal pharynx

Question 17

how does soft palate lie in relation to epiglottis?

Answer 17

free caudal edge in contact with oral/ventral surface of epiglottis
conceals epiglottis from view

Question 18

what happens to soft palate during swallowing?

Answer 18

lifted dorsally so oral and common pharynx connected

Question 19

action and innervation of palatinus

Answer 19

shortens soft palate

vagus and accessory

Question 20

levator veli palatini action and innervation

Answer 20

elevates soft palate

vagus and accessory

Question 21

tensor veli palatini action and innervation

Answer 21

tenses soft palate

mandibular trigeminal

Question 22

palatopharyngeus action and innervation

Answer 22

closes pahryngopalatine arch and elevates soft palate

vagus accessory

Question 23

4 constrictors of pharynx and innervation

Answer 23

rostal - ptergopharyngeus
middle - hyopharyngeus
caudal - thryopharyngeus and cricopharyngeus
innervated by vago-accessory complex SVE

Question 24

muscle that dilates pharynx

innervation

Answer 24

stylopharyngeus
glossopharyngeal SVE
styloid provasse hyoid apparatus - lateral common pharynx

Question 25

2 muscles that shorten pharynx innervation

Answer 25

palatopharyngeus, pterygopharyngeus

vago-accessory SVE

Question 26

swallowing muscles innervation

Answer 26

vagus

except stylopharyngess which dilates and is innervated by glossopharyngeal

Question 27

innervation to soft palate and pharynx

Answer 27

tensor veli palatini - mandibula CN V
stylopharyngeus - glossopharyngeal
all other - pharyngeal nerve from vago-accessory complex SVE

Question 28

nerve supply to mucosa of soft palate and pharynx

Answer 28

sensation and taste - pharyngeal branches of glossopharyngeal
glands of mucosa - parasympathetic motor, VII, IX, X
sympathetic from cranial cervical ganglion