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food prehension, mastication and salivation Flashcards

1
Q

4 organs involved prehension

A

lips, cheek, teeth, tongue

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2
Q

horse prehension

A

sensitive and mobile lips
lips drawn back and incisors sever grass at base
vibrissae used to locate food

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3
Q

cow prehension

A

less mobile lips
tongue main organ
papillae on tongue rough
curved ground grass, pulls to incisors and dental pad
sideways head movement severs grass
insensitivity can result in forge in objects being ingested

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4
Q

sheep prehension

A

similar to cows
cleft upper lip allows grass to be cropped more closely
do not ingest foreign objects as often

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5
Q

pig prehension

A

root with snouts

use pointed lower lip to transfer food into mouth

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6
Q

dog/cat prehension

A

lips unimportant
long tongue and teeth
tongue lapping up water

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7
Q

orbicularis oris

A

ring of muscle around mouth

closes mouth, important for sucking

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8
Q

levator labii superioris

A

lifts upper lip

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9
Q

levator nasolabialis

A

lifts upper lip and nostril

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10
Q

depressor labii inferioris

A

depresses lower lip - absent in carnivores (buccinator)

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11
Q

caninus muscle

A

retractor of upper lip and nostril

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12
Q

zygomaticus muscle

A

retractor of caudal commissure of lip

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13
Q

innervation of all lip muscles

A

facial nerve CN VII

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14
Q

sensory supply to lips

A

trigeminal -
upper - maxillary
lower - mandibular

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15
Q

action and innervation of buccinator

A

forms diaphragm across cheek

facial nerve

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16
Q

sensory supply of cheek

A

trigeminal nerve

buccinator nerve

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17
Q

innervation of teeth

A

sensory -
upper - maxillary trigeminal
lower - mandibular trigeminal

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18
Q

species variation in tongue shape

A

horses, dogs - free end spatulate

ox, sheep, pig - pointed

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19
Q

torus linguae

A

mound on caudal part of tongue found in ruminants

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20
Q

tongue surface species variance

A

dogs, pigs, horses - soft

ruminants, cats - rough

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21
Q

what do dogs have on their tongue that no other species have?

A

median sulcus and lyssa on ventral tip

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22
Q

3 extrinsic muscles of tongue

A

genioglossus
styloglossus
hyoglossus

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23
Q

action of genioglossus

A

puts tongue out

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24
Q

action of styloglossus

A

retracts tongue

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25
action of hyoglossus
depresses and retracts tongue
26
extrinsic muscles of tongue innervation
hypoglossal nerve CN XII
27
geniohyoids action and innervation
pulls tongue and hyoid forward | CN XII
28
sternohyoids action and innervation
pulls tongue caudally | cervical nerves
29
propria linguae action and innervation
change shape and rigidity of tongue | CN XII
30
motor innervation of tongue
CN XII | SE
31
sensory supply to tongue
rostral 2/3 - trigeminal mandibular lingual nerve SA | caudal 1/3 - glossopharyngeal and vagus AA
32
taste innervation of tongue
rostral 2/3 - lingual, chords tympani, facial, SVA/AA | caudal 1/3 - glossopharyngeal and vagus SVA/AA
33
epithelium on the tongue
stratified squamous keratinised epithelium
34
surface of tongue
epithelial lining thinner on ventral surface | dorsal surface covered by papillae
35
boundary between rostral 2/3 and caudal 1/3 of tongue
vallate papillae
36
masticatory apparatus
teeth temporomandibular and symphysial joints masticatory muscles
37
temporomandibular joint
condylar joint between temporal bone of skull one each side joint capsule thickened laterally to form the mandibular ligament
38
joint capsule forming mandibular ligament is divided into 2 sections - what are they, what and why are they separated?
upper (meniscotemporal) and lower (meniscomandibular) compartments separated by fibrocartilagenous disc hinge movements occur between the mandible and disc lateral movements occur between the disc and temporal bone
39
why is fibrocartilagenous disc different in herbivores? (of the mandibular ligament)
thicker and joint capsule bigger to allow for increased movements
40
where is mandibular fossa | how does it differ in species?
at ventral surface of zygomatic arch dogs have retroglenoid process that prevents backwards movement of jaw in horses and ruminants mandibular head is larger, the temporal surface is flat and large and the articular disc is very thick
41
symphysial joint | differences in species
``` unites 2 halves of mandible rostrally small changes in angulation of lower teeth aids food prehension leats fused in carnivores and cattle most fused in horses ```
42
4 muscles of mastication
temporalis masseter pterygoids digastricus
43
innervation of masticatory muscles
temporalis, masseter, pterygoids - trigeminal mandibular SVE digastricus - rostral - trigeminal caudal - facial SVE
44
temporalis muscle
o = lateral cranium I = coronoid process mandible movies jaw upwards trigeminal mandibular SVE
45
masseter muscle
lies lateral to mandible and ventral to zygomatic arch large area of insertion on caudal mandible 3 layers of fibres in different directions moves jaw up, lateral to active side in herbivores trigeminal mandibular SVE
46
pterygoid muscle
large medial and small lateral lies medial to mandible runs from pterygopalatine region to insert on medial aspect mandible draws mandible upwards medial and forwards CNV mandibular SVE in herbivores works as functioning pair with contralateral masseter to move jaw to active side
47
how are translational movements carried out
contralateral masseter and pterygoids move together | right hand masseter contract, left hand pterygoid contract, jaw moves right f
48
digastricus muscle
``` jaw opening o = paracondylar/jugualr process of exoccipital bones of skull I = ventral border of mandible rostral = mandibular V caudal = facial n larger in herbivores = more chewing ```
49
compare mastication muscles of herbivores and carnivores
carnivore - larger area of origin for temporalis, smaller area of insertion for masseter and digastricus herbivore - smaller origin for temporalis, larger area for masseter and digastricus
50
5 small salivary glands
labial, buccal, lingual, pharyngeal, oesophageal
51
what is produced by small salivary glands - function
mucous secretion | keeps area of oral cavity moist
52
4 large salivary glands
parotid, mandibular, sublingual, zygomatic
53
saliva produced by parotid gland
serous
54
saliva produced by mandibular gland
mixed
55
saliva produced by sublingual gland
mixed
56
saliva produced by zygomatic gland
mixed (carnivores only)
57
sympathetic innervation of salivary glands
cranial cervical ganglion fight or flight inhibits saliva production dry mouth
58
parasympathetic innervation of salivary glands
salivatory nuclei in brainstem | facial or glossopharyngeal nerves then trigeminal
59
function of saliva in different species
carnivores - lubrication herbivores and omnivores - start digestive process ruminants - produce fluid for fermentation to start
60
where does parotid duct open into? | where is parotid gland?
curved under ear, large gland | opens into upper premolar 4, upper carnassial
61
where does the mandibular duct empty into? | where is the mandibular gland?
opens on small papillae rostral end of floor of mouth | caudal ventral surface of parotid
62
where does sublingual duct open? where is sublingual gland?
monostomatic part runs with duct of mandibular opens on small papillae rostral end of floor of mouth polystomatic parts secretes into oral cavity gland located rostral to mandibular
63
where does zygomatic duct open into? | where is zygomatic gland?
near last upper molar found only in carnivores same as dorsal buccal glands of other species found below eye near zygomatic arch
64
how do salivary glands differ in horses?
parotid very large and follows cheek curve mandibular at base of parotid sublingual much more rostral buccal sits dorsal to sublingual
65
how do salivary gland differ in ruminants?
parotid and mandibular overlap mandibular very large sublingual ventral to buccal

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