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The Head > food prehension, mastication and salivation > Flashcards

food prehension, mastication and salivation Flashcards

1
Q

4 organs involved prehension

A

lips, cheek, teeth, tongue

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2
Q

horse prehension

A

sensitive and mobile lips
lips drawn back and incisors sever grass at base
vibrissae used to locate food

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3
Q

cow prehension

A

less mobile lips
tongue main organ
papillae on tongue rough
curved ground grass, pulls to incisors and dental pad
sideways head movement severs grass
insensitivity can result in forge in objects being ingested

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4
Q

sheep prehension

A

similar to cows
cleft upper lip allows grass to be cropped more closely
do not ingest foreign objects as often

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5
Q

pig prehension

A

root with snouts

use pointed lower lip to transfer food into mouth

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6
Q

dog/cat prehension

A

lips unimportant
long tongue and teeth
tongue lapping up water

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7
Q

orbicularis oris

A

ring of muscle around mouth

closes mouth, important for sucking

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8
Q

levator labii superioris

A

lifts upper lip

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9
Q

levator nasolabialis

A

lifts upper lip and nostril

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10
Q

depressor labii inferioris

A

depresses lower lip - absent in carnivores (buccinator)

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11
Q

caninus muscle

A

retractor of upper lip and nostril

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12
Q

zygomaticus muscle

A

retractor of caudal commissure of lip

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13
Q

innervation of all lip muscles

A

facial nerve CN VII

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14
Q

sensory supply to lips

A

trigeminal -
upper - maxillary
lower - mandibular

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15
Q

action and innervation of buccinator

A

forms diaphragm across cheek

facial nerve

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16
Q

sensory supply of cheek

A

trigeminal nerve

buccinator nerve

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17
Q

innervation of teeth

A

sensory -
upper - maxillary trigeminal
lower - mandibular trigeminal

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18
Q

species variation in tongue shape

A

horses, dogs - free end spatulate

ox, sheep, pig - pointed

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19
Q

torus linguae

A

mound on caudal part of tongue found in ruminants

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20
Q

tongue surface species variance

A

dogs, pigs, horses - soft

ruminants, cats - rough

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21
Q

what do dogs have on their tongue that no other species have?

A

median sulcus and lyssa on ventral tip

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22
Q

3 extrinsic muscles of tongue

A

genioglossus
styloglossus
hyoglossus

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23
Q

action of genioglossus

A

puts tongue out

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24
Q

action of styloglossus

A

retracts tongue

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25
Q

action of hyoglossus

A

depresses and retracts tongue

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26
Q

extrinsic muscles of tongue innervation

A

hypoglossal nerve CN XII

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27
Q

geniohyoids action and innervation

A

pulls tongue and hyoid forward

CN XII

28
Q

sternohyoids action and innervation

A

pulls tongue caudally

cervical nerves

29
Q

propria linguae action and innervation

A

change shape and rigidity of tongue

CN XII

30
Q

motor innervation of tongue

A

CN XII

SE

31
Q

sensory supply to tongue

A

rostral 2/3 - trigeminal mandibular lingual nerve SA

caudal 1/3 - glossopharyngeal and vagus AA

32
Q

taste innervation of tongue

A

rostral 2/3 - lingual, chords tympani, facial, SVA/AA

caudal 1/3 - glossopharyngeal and vagus SVA/AA

33
Q

epithelium on the tongue

A

stratified squamous keratinised epithelium

34
Q

surface of tongue

A

epithelial lining thinner on ventral surface

dorsal surface covered by papillae

35
Q

boundary between rostral 2/3 and caudal 1/3 of tongue

A

vallate papillae

36
Q

masticatory apparatus

A

teeth
temporomandibular and symphysial joints
masticatory muscles

37
Q

temporomandibular joint

A

condylar joint between temporal bone of skull
one each side
joint capsule thickened laterally to form the mandibular ligament

38
Q

joint capsule forming mandibular ligament is divided into 2 sections - what are they, what and why are they separated?

A

upper (meniscotemporal) and lower (meniscomandibular) compartments
separated by fibrocartilagenous disc
hinge movements occur between the mandible and disc
lateral movements occur between the disc and temporal bone

39
Q

why is fibrocartilagenous disc different in herbivores? (of the mandibular ligament)

A

thicker and joint capsule bigger to allow for increased movements

40
Q

where is mandibular fossa

how does it differ in species?

A

at ventral surface of zygomatic arch

dogs have retroglenoid process that prevents backwards movement of jaw
in horses and ruminants
mandibular head is larger, the temporal surface is flat and large and the articular disc is very thick

41
Q

symphysial joint

differences in species

A 
unites 2 halves of mandible rostrally 
small changes in angulation of lower teeth 
aids food prehension 
leats fused in carnivores and cattle 
most fused in horses
42
Q

4 muscles of mastication

A

temporalis
masseter
pterygoids
digastricus

43
Q

innervation of masticatory muscles

A

temporalis, masseter, pterygoids - trigeminal mandibular SVE
digastricus - rostral - trigeminal
caudal - facial
SVE

44
Q

temporalis muscle

A

o = lateral cranium
I = coronoid process mandible
movies jaw upwards
trigeminal mandibular SVE

45
Q

masseter muscle

A

lies lateral to mandible and ventral to zygomatic arch
large area of insertion on caudal mandible
3 layers of fibres in different directions
moves jaw up, lateral to active side in herbivores
trigeminal mandibular SVE

46
Q

pterygoid muscle

A

large medial and small lateral
lies medial to mandible
runs from pterygopalatine region to insert on medial aspect mandible
draws mandible upwards medial and forwards
CNV mandibular SVE
in herbivores works as functioning pair with contralateral masseter to move jaw to active side

47
Q

how are translational movements carried out

A

contralateral masseter and pterygoids move together

right hand masseter contract, left hand pterygoid contract, jaw moves right f

48
Q

digastricus muscle

A 
jaw opening 
o = paracondylar/jugualr process of exoccipital bones of skull 
I = ventral border of mandible 
rostral = mandibular V 
caudal = facial n 
larger in herbivores = more chewing
49
Q

compare mastication muscles of herbivores and carnivores

A

carnivore - larger area of origin for temporalis, smaller area of insertion for masseter and digastricus

herbivore - smaller origin for temporalis, larger area for masseter and digastricus

50
Q

5 small salivary glands

A

labial, buccal, lingual, pharyngeal, oesophageal

51
Q

what is produced by small salivary glands - function

A

mucous secretion

keeps area of oral cavity moist

52
Q

4 large salivary glands

A

parotid, mandibular, sublingual, zygomatic

53
Q

saliva produced by parotid gland

A

serous

54
Q

saliva produced by mandibular gland

A

mixed

55
Q

saliva produced by sublingual gland

A

mixed

56
Q

saliva produced by zygomatic gland

A

mixed (carnivores only)

57
Q

sympathetic innervation of salivary glands

A

cranial cervical ganglion
fight or flight inhibits saliva production
dry mouth

58
Q

parasympathetic innervation of salivary glands

A

salivatory nuclei in brainstem

facial or glossopharyngeal nerves then trigeminal

59
Q

function of saliva in different species

A

carnivores - lubrication
herbivores and omnivores - start digestive process
ruminants - produce fluid for fermentation to start

60
Q

where does parotid duct open into?

where is parotid gland?

A

curved under ear, large gland

opens into upper premolar 4, upper carnassial

61
Q

where does the mandibular duct empty into?

where is the mandibular gland?

A

opens on small papillae rostral end of floor of mouth

caudal ventral surface of parotid

62
Q

where does sublingual duct open? where is sublingual gland?

A

monostomatic part runs with duct of mandibular
opens on small papillae
rostral end of floor of mouth
polystomatic parts secretes into oral cavity
gland located rostral to mandibular

63
Q

where does zygomatic duct open into?

where is zygomatic gland?

A

near last upper molar
found only in carnivores
same as dorsal buccal glands of other species
found below eye near zygomatic arch

64
Q

how do salivary glands differ in horses?

A

parotid very large and follows cheek curve
mandibular at base of parotid
sublingual much more rostral
buccal sits dorsal to sublingual

65
Q

how do salivary gland differ in ruminants?

A

parotid and mandibular overlap
mandibular very large
sublingual ventral to buccal

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