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Breathing and Circulating > Upper Respiratory Anatomy > Flashcards

Upper Respiratory Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the philtrum

A

Central groove between nostrils

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2
Q
A

1) Dorsal lateral nasal cartilage
2) Nasal septum
3) Lateral accessory nasal cartilage

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3
Q
A

1) Dorsal lateral nasal cartilage
2) Ventral lateral nasal cartilage
3) Nasal septum
4) Lateral accessory nasal cartilage

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4
Q

What kind of nostrils do carnivores have?

A

Planum nasal

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5
Q

What kind of nostril do pigs have?

A

Planum rostal (snout)

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6
Q

What kind of nostrils do bulls have?

A

Planum nasolabial (fused nasal planum with upper lip)

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7
Q

What are the boundaries of the nasal cavity?

A

Dorsal: nasal and frontal bones
Ventral: Palatine and maxillary bones
Rostral: Nostrils and incisive bone
Caudal: Choanae and ethmoid bone
Lateral: Maxillary bone

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8
Q

What is the choanae and what structues form it?

A

Caudal opening of nasal cavity than leads to nasopharynx

Formed by caudal end of hard palate, vomer, and nasal septum

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9
Q
A

1) Roof of nasopahrynx
2) Choana
3) Nasal septum - vomer bone
4) Soft palate

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10
Q

What makes up the nasal septum?

A

Rostral 2/3 is cartilage
Caudal 1/3 is bone (perpendicular portion of ethmoid bone)

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11
Q

What is the nasal vestibule? And what structures are located here

A

Entrance of nasal cavity

Alar fold, nasolacrimal duct opening, incisive duct opening

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12
Q
A

1) Nasal opening of incisive duct
2) Nasal opening of nasolacrimal duct
3) Alar fold
4) Nasal vestibule

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13
Q

What are the nasal concha and turbinates and from where do they originate

A

Thin scrolls of bone originating from nasal, maxillary, and ethmoid bones covered with respiratory mucosa

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14
Q

What is the function of nasal conchae and turbinates

A

Humidify and warm inhaled air
Filter air
Location of smell receptors`

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15
Q
A

1) Alar fold
2) Ventral nasal concha
3) Dorsal nasal concha
4) Ethmoid turbinates

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16
Q

Concha species differences

A

LA’s have middle nasal conchae that is related to ethmoid turbinates and it is large in bovine

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17
Q
A

1) ventral nasal conchae
2) dorsal nasal conchae
3) middle nasal conchae
4) ethmoid turbinates

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18
Q
A

1) Ventral nasal meatus
2) Middle nasal meatus
3) Dorsal nasal meatus

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19
Q

What is a nasal meatus and clinical significance

A

Space between bone conchae and nasal septum

Ventral nasal meatus is where a nasogastric tube is placed

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20
Q
A

1) Dorsal nasal meatus
2) dorsal nasal concha
3) middle nasal meatus
4) common nasal meatus
5) ventral nasal meatus

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21
Q

What is the vomeronasal organ and what does it do?

A

Paired auxiliary olfactory sense organ located in the soft tissue of
the nasal septum, above the hard palate.

Sensory neurons that detect organic compounds, such as
pheromones.

Triggers the Flehmen response and helps with Intra-species communication.

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22
Q
A

Vomeronasal organ

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23
Q

Describe the location of the vomeronasal organ

A

Ventral to septum
Dorsal to hard palate

24
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A

Air filled spaces located between the inner and outer cortices of a
skull bone
Named for the bone the sinus is within

25
Q

Are the sinuses closed to its surroundings?

A

No, All communicate with the nasal cavity via the middle nasal meatus

26
Q

What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses

A

Decrease the weight of the head relative to the size of the skull
May help protect against crushing of the skull

27
Q

Name the paranasal sinuses for the dog

A

Frontal and maxillary (Right and left)

28
Q

Name the paranasal sinuses for the cat

A

Frontal and maxillary (Right and left) and sphenoid sinus

29
Q

Name the paranasal sinuses for ruminants

A

Frontal
Maxillary
Palatine
Lacrimal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Conchae

30
Q

Name the paranasal sinuses for horses

A

Conchofrontal (Dorsal conchal and frontal)
Maxillary (rostral and caudal)
Sphenopalatine

31
Q

Main sinus in bovine?

A

Frontal

32
Q

Main sinus in horses?

A

Maxillary

33
Q

Clin sig of maxillary sinus in horses

A

Split in two parts by boney septum
Can be impacted by tooth disease due to close loaction to upper molars

Also closely located to infraorbital canal and nasolacrimal duct

34
Q

Name structures and species

A

1) Maxillary sinus
2) Frontal sinus

Dog

35
Q
A

1) Sphenoid sinus
2) frontal sinus

Note: missing maxillary sinus in this view

36
Q
A

1) frontal
2) maxillary
3) palatine
4) lacrimal
5) sphenoid
6) ethmoid
7) conchae

37
Q
A

1) Conchofrontal
2) dorsal conchal
3) frontal
4) maxillary
5) rostral
6) caudal
7) sphenopalatine

38
Q
A

1) dorsal conchal
2) frontal
3) sphenopalatine
4) caudal maxillary
5) septum of maxillary sinus
6) rostral maxillary

39
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

Crossover between respiratory and digestive pathways

40
Q

List the sections of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

41
Q
A

1) Nasopharynx
2) Oropharynx
3) Laryngopharynx
4) Pharyngeal opening of auditory tube
5) Pharyngeal tonsil
6) Pharyngeal arch

42
Q

What are the boundaries of the nasopharynx

A

Choanae to caudal aspect of soft palate and palatopharyngeal arches

43
Q

What structures are in the nasopharynx

A

Pharyngeal tonsils
Pharyngeal opening of auditory tube
Pharyngeal recess

44
Q

Clin sig of pharyngeal recess and in what species

A

Horses
Important to keep nasogastric tube ventral to avoid getting into this space

45
Q
A

Pharyngeal recess

46
Q

What are the guttural pouches, in what species, and what are their purpose?

A

Horses
Diverticulum of the auditory tubes
Lateral and medial compartments, separated by stylohyoid bone
Unknown purpose

47
Q
A

1) Lateral guttural pouch
2) Medial guttural pouch
3) Stylohyoid bone

48
Q

What structures are close to the medial guttural pouch?

A

CNS 9, 10, 11, and 12
Sympathetic trunk
Internal carotid artery
Rectus capitus ventralis and longus capitis muscles

49
Q

What structures are close to the lateral guttural pouch?

A

External carotid artery
Maxillary artery
Facial n

50
Q

What are the boundaries of the oropharynx

A

Palatoglossal arches to caudal aspect of soft palate and base of epiglottis

51
Q

What structures are in the oropharynx

A

Lingual and palatine tonsils

52
Q

What are the boundaries of the laryngopharynx

A

Palatopharyngeal arches and base of epiglottis to the beginning of the esophagus

53
Q

What is the hyoid apparatus

A

A series of bones lateral to the pharynx that suspend larynx and tongue from the skull

54
Q
A

1) External acoustic meatus
2) Stylohyoid
3) Epihyoid
4) thryohyoid
5) ceratohyoid
6) Basihyoid
7) Tympanohyoid (cartilage)

55
Q
A

1) Stylohyoid
2) Epihyoid
3) Ceratohyoid
4) Lingual process
5) Thyrohyoid
6) Tympanohyoid

56
Q

Hyoid bone species differences

A

In the dog and cat, the tympanohyoid articulates with the mastoid
process of the skull.

In the horse and ox, the tympanohyoid articulates with the styloid
process of the skull.

In the horse and ox, the basihyoid bone has a rostral extension called
the lingual process.

In the horse, the stylohyoid is long and wide, and the epihyoid bone is
vestigial.

Breathing and Circulating (4 decks)

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