Upper Respiratory Anatomy

Question 1

What is the philtrum

Answer 1

Central groove between nostrils

Question 2

Answer 2

1) Dorsal lateral nasal cartilage
2) Nasal septum
3) Lateral accessory nasal cartilage

Question 3

Answer 3

1) Dorsal lateral nasal cartilage
2) Ventral lateral nasal cartilage
3) Nasal septum
4) Lateral accessory nasal cartilage

Question 4

What kind of nostrils do carnivores have?

Answer 4

Planum nasal

Question 5

What kind of nostril do pigs have?

Answer 5

Planum rostal (snout)

Question 6

What kind of nostrils do bulls have?

Answer 6

Planum nasolabial (fused nasal planum with upper lip)

Question 7

What are the boundaries of the nasal cavity?

Answer 7

Dorsal: nasal and frontal bones
Ventral: Palatine and maxillary bones
Rostral: Nostrils and incisive bone
Caudal: Choanae and ethmoid bone
Lateral: Maxillary bone

Question 8

What is the choanae and what structues form it?

Answer 8

Caudal opening of nasal cavity than leads to nasopharynx

Formed by caudal end of hard palate, vomer, and nasal septum

Question 9

Answer 9

1) Roof of nasopahrynx
2) Choana
3) Nasal septum - vomer bone
4) Soft palate

Question 10

What makes up the nasal septum?

Answer 10

Rostral 2/3 is cartilage
Caudal 1/3 is bone (perpendicular portion of ethmoid bone)

Question 11

What is the nasal vestibule? And what structures are located here

Answer 11

Entrance of nasal cavity

Alar fold, nasolacrimal duct opening, incisive duct opening

Question 12

Answer 12

1) Nasal opening of incisive duct
2) Nasal opening of nasolacrimal duct
3) Alar fold
4) Nasal vestibule

Question 13

What are the nasal concha and turbinates and from where do they originate

Answer 13

Thin scrolls of bone originating from nasal, maxillary, and ethmoid bones covered with respiratory mucosa

Question 14

What is the function of nasal conchae and turbinates

Answer 14

Humidify and warm inhaled air
Filter air
Location of smell receptors`

Question 15

Answer 15

1) Alar fold
2) Ventral nasal concha
3) Dorsal nasal concha
4) Ethmoid turbinates

Question 16

Concha species differences

Answer 16

LA’s have middle nasal conchae that is related to ethmoid turbinates and it is large in bovine

Question 17

Answer 17

1) ventral nasal conchae
2) dorsal nasal conchae
3) middle nasal conchae
4) ethmoid turbinates

Question 18

Answer 18

1) Ventral nasal meatus
2) Middle nasal meatus
3) Dorsal nasal meatus

Question 19

What is a nasal meatus and clinical significance

Answer 19

Space between bone conchae and nasal septum

Ventral nasal meatus is where a nasogastric tube is placed

Question 20

Answer 20

1) Dorsal nasal meatus
2) dorsal nasal concha
3) middle nasal meatus
4) common nasal meatus
5) ventral nasal meatus

Question 21

What is the vomeronasal organ and what does it do?

Answer 21

Paired auxiliary olfactory sense organ located in the soft tissue of
the nasal septum, above the hard palate.

Sensory neurons that detect organic compounds, such as
pheromones.

Triggers the Flehmen response and helps with Intra-species communication.

Question 22

Answer 22

Vomeronasal organ

Question 23

Describe the location of the vomeronasal organ

Answer 23

Ventral to septum
Dorsal to hard palate

Question 24

What are the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 24

Air filled spaces located between the inner and outer cortices of a
skull bone
Named for the bone the sinus is within

Question 25

Are the sinuses closed to its surroundings?

Answer 25

No, All communicate with the nasal cavity via the middle nasal meatus

Question 26

What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses

Answer 26

Decrease the weight of the head relative to the size of the skull May help protect against crushing of the skull

Question 27

Name the paranasal sinuses for the dog

Answer 27

Frontal and maxillary (Right and left)

Question 28

Name the paranasal sinuses for the cat

Answer 28

Frontal and maxillary (Right and left) and sphenoid sinus

Question 29

Name the paranasal sinuses for ruminants

Answer 29

Frontal Maxillary Palatine Lacrimal Sphenoid Ethmoid Conchae

Question 30

Name the paranasal sinuses for horses

Answer 30

Conchofrontal (Dorsal conchal and frontal) Maxillary (rostral and caudal) Sphenopalatine

Question 31

Main sinus in bovine?

Answer 31

Frontal

Question 32

Main sinus in horses?

Answer 32

Maxillary

Question 33

Clin sig of maxillary sinus in horses

Answer 33

Split in two parts by boney septum Can be impacted by tooth disease due to close loaction to upper molars Also closely located to infraorbital canal and nasolacrimal duct

Question 34

Name structures and species

Answer 34

1) Maxillary sinus 2) Frontal sinus Dog

Question 35

Answer 35

1) Sphenoid sinus 2) frontal sinus Note: missing maxillary sinus in this view

Question 36

Answer 36

1) frontal 2) maxillary 3) palatine 4) lacrimal 5) sphenoid 6) ethmoid 7) conchae

Question 37

Answer 37

1) Conchofrontal 2) dorsal conchal 3) frontal 4) maxillary 5) rostral 6) caudal 7) sphenopalatine

Question 38

Answer 38

1) dorsal conchal 2) frontal 3) sphenopalatine 4) caudal maxillary 5) septum of maxillary sinus 6) rostral maxillary

Question 39

What is the pharynx?

Answer 39

Crossover between respiratory and digestive pathways

Question 40

List the sections of the pharynx

Answer 40

Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx

Question 41

Answer 41

1) Nasopharynx 2) Oropharynx 3) Laryngopharynx 4) Pharyngeal opening of auditory tube 5) Pharyngeal tonsil 6) Pharyngeal arch

Question 42

What are the boundaries of the nasopharynx

Answer 42

Choanae to caudal aspect of soft palate and palatopharyngeal arches

Question 43

What structures are in the nasopharynx

Answer 43

Pharyngeal tonsils Pharyngeal opening of auditory tube Pharyngeal recess

Question 44

Clin sig of pharyngeal recess and in what species

Answer 44

Horses Important to keep nasogastric tube ventral to avoid getting into this space

Question 45

Answer 45

Pharyngeal recess

Question 46

What are the guttural pouches, in what species, and what are their purpose?

Answer 46

Horses Diverticulum of the auditory tubes Lateral and medial compartments, separated by stylohyoid bone Unknown purpose

Question 47

Answer 47

1) Lateral guttural pouch 2) Medial guttural pouch 3) Stylohyoid bone

Question 48

What structures are close to the medial guttural pouch?

Answer 48

CNS 9, 10, 11, and 12 Sympathetic trunk Internal carotid artery Rectus capitus ventralis and longus capitis muscles

Question 49

What structures are close to the lateral guttural pouch?

Answer 49

External carotid artery Maxillary artery Facial n

Question 50

What are the boundaries of the oropharynx

Answer 50

Palatoglossal arches to caudal aspect of soft palate and base of epiglottis

Question 51

What structures are in the oropharynx

Answer 51

Lingual and palatine tonsils

Question 52

What are the boundaries of the laryngopharynx

Answer 52

Palatopharyngeal arches and base of epiglottis to the beginning of the esophagus

Question 53

What is the hyoid apparatus

Answer 53

A series of bones lateral to the pharynx that suspend larynx and tongue from the skull

Question 54

Answer 54

1) External acoustic meatus 2) Stylohyoid 3) Epihyoid 4) thryohyoid 5) ceratohyoid 6) Basihyoid 7) Tympanohyoid (cartilage)

Question 55

Answer 55

1) Stylohyoid 2) Epihyoid 3) Ceratohyoid 4) Lingual process 5) Thyrohyoid 6) Tympanohyoid

Question 56

Hyoid bone species differences

Answer 56

In the dog and cat, the tympanohyoid articulates with the mastoid process of the skull. In the horse and ox, the tympanohyoid articulates with the styloid process of the skull. In the horse and ox, the basihyoid bone has a rostral extension called the lingual process. In the horse, the stylohyoid is long and wide, and the epihyoid bone is vestigial.