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Breathing and Circulating > Cardiac Anatomy > Flashcards

Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Boundaries of thoracic cavity

A

Thoracic inlet to diaphragm
Thoracic vertebrae dorsally, sternum ventrally
Ribs laterally

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2
Q

Thoracic cavity vs thoracic cage

A

Cavity = space for thoracic viscera
Cage = Defined by bones (ribs)

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3
Q

Boundaries of thoracic cage

A

First to last rib
Thoracic vertebrae dorsally, sternum ventrally
Ribs laterally

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4
Q
A

1) Pleural space
2) Costal
3) Diaphragmatic
4) Mediastinal
5) visceral

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5
Q

Name the pleura associated with the lungs

A

Parietal (composed of Costal, Diaphragmatic, Mediastinal sections)
and viscera
Each lung has its own pleural sac

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6
Q

Name the cranial line of pleural reflection and its importance

A

Cupula Pleura
extends cranially to lung (important to know for sx)

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7
Q

What is the mediastinum

A

Space btw right and left pleural cavities (median plan of thoracic cavity)

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8
Q

Name structures in cranial mediastinum

A

esophagus
trachea
great vessels of heart (Brachiocephalic trunk and cranial vena cava) and their branches
Thymus (in young then regress)
Internal thoracic aa and vv
Cranial mediastinal lymph nodes

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9
Q

Name structures in middle mediastinum

A

esophagus
tracheal bifurcation and root of lung Lt
tracheobronchial lymph nodes
aortic arch
Heart and pericardium,

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10
Q

Name structures in caudal mediastinum

A

Esophagus, descending aorta & right azygos vein

NOT caudal vena cava (this curves to pleural sacs)
The ventral portion is reduced to the potential
space between the layers of pleura.

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11
Q

location and angle of heart in dogs

A

Ribs/ICS 3-6
45 degree axis

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12
Q

Location of heart in horses

A

ICS 2-6

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13
Q

location and angle of heart in cats

A

Ribs/ICS 4-7
30 degree axis

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14
Q

Location of heart in bovine

A

ICS 2-5

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15
Q
A

1) Pericardial cavity
2) visceral pericardium aka epicardium
3) parietal pericardium
4) Fibrous pericardium (connective tissue layer or parietal pericardium)
5) mediastinal pleura
6) phrenico-pericardiac ligament

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16
Q
A

1) Fibrous pericardium
2) parietal pericardium
3) pericardium space
4) visceral pericardium aka epicardium

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17
Q

Name the ligament of the heart typical to birds

A

Hepatopericardial ligament

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18
Q

Name the cardiac ligament typical for livestock

A

Sterno-pericardial ligament

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19
Q

Name the cardiac ligament typical for carnivores

A

Phrenico-pericardial ligament

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20
Q
A

1) sternopericardial ligament
2) phrenicopericardial ligament
3) diaphragm
4) sternum

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21
Q

What drives blood flow in arteries

A

Pressure gradient

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22
Q

What drives blood flow in veins

A

Valves

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23
Q
A

1) Left/auricular surface
2) right or atrial surface
3) Cr vena cava
4) right auricle
5) Brachiocephalic trunk
6) right ventricle
7) pulmonary trunk
8) left auricle
9) left ventricle
10) aorta
11) left atrium
12) pulmonary arteries
13) pulmonary veins
14) caudal vena cava
15) left ventricle
16) right ventricle
17) right atrium
18) cranial vena cava

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24
Q
A

1) brachiocephalic trunk
2) pulmonary trunk
3) right ventricle
4) left auricle
5) aorta
6) left atrium
7) left ventricle
8) caudal vena cava
9) left ventricle
10) right ventricle
11) right atrium
12) cr vena cava

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25
Intermediate groove Found only in bovine
26
1) Paraconal interventricular groove 2) coronary groove 3) subsinousal interventricular groove
27
1) Right 2) Left 3) subsinousal 4) coronary groove 5) pulmonary trunk 6) paraconal interventricular groove
28
1) Fossal ovalis 2) Intervenous tubercle 3) Crista terminalis aka terminal crest 4) Pectinate muscles 5) opening of coronary sinus
29
Ignore #4!
1) chordae tendinae 2) papillary muscles 3) trabeculae carnae 4) left ventricle (not conus arteriosus -right ventricle only)
30
Trabecula septomarginalis
31
Purpose of trabecula septomarginalis
Prevent overextension Has conduction fibers to spread conduction btw septum and ventricle free wall
32
1) Trabeculae carnae 2) papillary muscles 3) chordae tendinae
33
Describe the flow of blood starting from vena cava including valves
Vena cava R atrium tricuspid AV valve R Vent Pulmomonary semilunar valve Pulmonary arteries Lungs Pulmonary veins L atrium Bicuspid AV valve L Vent Aortic semilunar valve Aorta Body tissues
34
Which valves are open in diastole
Tricuspid and Mitral AV valves
35
Which valves are open in systole
Aortic and Pulmonary semilunar valves
36
What causes chordae tendinae to be taut
Contraction of papillary muscles in ventricuclar contraction closes AV valves in systole
37
How many leaflets do the semilunar valves have
3
38
1) Opening for right coronary artery 2) aortic sinus 3) nodule 4) Opening for left coronary artery
39
Intercostal space for PMI of Pulmonary valve
3
40
Intercostal space for PMI of Aortic valve
4
41
Intercostal space for PMI of Mitral valve
5
42
Intercostal space for PMI of Tricuspid valve
4 (right side)
43
What makes the "lub" sound
AV valve closure, Systole
44
What makes the "dub" sound
Aortic/Pulmonic valves closure, Diastole
45
1) L coronary a 2) aortic valve 3) R coronary a 4) subsinousal interventircular a 5) circumflex a 6) paraconal interventircular a
46
Name the arteries
1) L coronary a 2) circumflex a 3) paraconal interventricular a
47
Species difference of subsinousal interventricular branch
Carnivores and ruminants: subsinousal inter. arises from L coronary a (Left dominant) Horses and pigs: subsinousal inter. arises from the right coronary a (right dominant)
48
Where does great cardiac vein run?
paraconal inter. and coronary grooves
49
Where does middle cardiac vein run>?
subsinousal inter. groove
50
What is the coronary sinus
Enlargement of great cardiac vein where it enters the R atrium
51
1,2) great cardiac vein 3) Coronary sinus 4) middle cardiac vein
52
1) sinoatrial (SA) node 2) atrioventircular (AV) node 3) Bundle of His aka atrioventircular bundle 4) Purkinje fibers
53
What does the SA node do and its location
Pacemaker of heart Terminal crest of r atrium
54
What does the AV node do and its location
Conducts signal to AV bundle/bundle of His Ventral interatrial septum
55
What are Perkinje fibers and their location
Fibers synapsing with myocardial cells Just deep to the endocardium
55
What does the AV bundle and branches do and its location
Conducts signal from AV node to ventricular myocardium One bundle branch specific to each ventricle Nerve fibers within the interventricular septum
56
What structures does the cranial vena cava drain?
Head, neck, back, and thoracic limbs
56
1) Bundle of His 2) Left bundle 3) Purkinje fibers 4) Trabeculae septomarginales 5) Purkinje fibers 6) Right bundle 7) Av node 8) SA nodes 9) Terminal crest
57
What structures does the caudal vena cava drain?
abdomen, pelvis and pelvic limbs
58
Describe the location of the cranial vena cava
Within cr mediastinum Begins at level of thoracic inlet Ventral to esophagus and trachea in thorax
59
What structures does the azygous vein drain
dorsal body wall and dorsal intercostal spaces
60
Species differences of azygous vein
Found unpaired on right side in dogs, cats, and horses Paired in bovine
61
Describe the location of the thoracic duct
Travels along the dorsal aspect of the descending aorta
62
What is the thoracic duct and what does it do
Lymphatic vessel drains lymph from abdominal and thoracic cavities into the left brachiocephalic vein (cr vena cava)
63
Does the pulmonary trunk carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood
deoxygenated blood from RA to lungs
64
Do the pulmonary veins carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood
oxygenated blood from the lungs to the LA
65
How many pulmonary veins are there
6-9 one for each lobe (varies by species)
66
Name the connective tissue band btwen the pulmonary trunk and the aorta
Ligamentum arteriosum
67
What is the ligamentum arteriosum
closed fetal remnant of the ductus arteriosus
68
Ligamentum arteriosum
69
List the branching of the aortic arch
brachiocephalic trunk --> subclavian (right and left) --> costocervical trunk, superficial cervical, internal thoracic, vertebral a
70
Species difference in the branching of the aortic arch
Large animals have a bicarotid trunk that divides into right and left common carotid aa
71
Species difference in the origin of the left subclavian a
Carnivores and pig: It is a branch of the aortic arch LA: it is a branch of the brachiocephalic trunk
72
1) Pulmonary trunk 2) Aorta 3) left subclavian a 4) brachiocephalic trunk 5) right subclavian a 6) common carotid aa 7) cr vena cava 8) ca vena cava 10) bicarotid trunk 11) left azygous vein
73
What is the phrenic nerve
Motor nerve to control diaphragm
74
What nerves does the phrenic nerve arise from
C5, C6, C7 nerve roots
75
1) left recurrent laryngeal nerve 2) left vagus nerve 3) right vagus nerve 4) dorsal vagal trunk 5) ventral vagal trunk
76
Compare the left and right recurrent laryngeal nerves
Left: curves cranially around aortic arch right: curves cranially around right subclavian a
77
What is the purpose of the recurrent laryngeal nerve and what structure does it run closely to?
motor innervation to the larynx runs directly on the tracheal surface
78
1) Cranial cervical ganglion 2) cervical part of the sympathetic trunk 3) cervicothoracic ganglion 4) ansa subclavia 5) middle cervical ganglion 6) sympathetic trunk with interganglionary branches

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