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Breathing and Circulating > Cardiac Anatomy > Flashcards

Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Boundaries of thoracic cavity

A

Thoracic inlet to diaphragm
Thoracic vertebrae dorsally, sternum ventrally
Ribs laterally

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2
Q

Thoracic cavity vs thoracic cage

A

Cavity = space for thoracic viscera
Cage = Defined by bones (ribs)

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3
Q

Boundaries of thoracic cage

A

First to last rib
Thoracic vertebrae dorsally, sternum ventrally
Ribs laterally

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4
Q
A

1) Pleural space
2) Costal
3) Diaphragmatic
4) Mediastinal
5) visceral

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5
Q

Name the pleura associated with the lungs

A

Parietal (composed of Costal, Diaphragmatic, Mediastinal sections)
and viscera
Each lung has its own pleural sac

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6
Q

Name the cranial line of pleural reflection and its importance

A

Cupula Pleura
extends cranially to lung (important to know for sx)

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7
Q

What is the mediastinum

A

Space btw right and left pleural cavities (median plan of thoracic cavity)

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8
Q

Name structures in cranial mediastinum

A

esophagus
trachea
great vessels of heart (Brachiocephalic trunk and cranial vena cava) and their branches
Thymus (in young then regress)
Internal thoracic aa and vv
Cranial mediastinal lymph nodes

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9
Q

Name structures in middle mediastinum

A

esophagus
tracheal bifurcation and root of lung Lt
tracheobronchial lymph nodes
aortic arch
Heart and pericardium,

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10
Q

Name structures in caudal mediastinum

A

Esophagus, descending aorta & right azygos vein

NOT caudal vena cava (this curves to pleural sacs)
The ventral portion is reduced to the potential
space between the layers of pleura.

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11
Q

location and angle of heart in dogs

A

Ribs/ICS 3-6
45 degree axis

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12
Q

Location of heart in horses

A

ICS 2-6

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13
Q

location and angle of heart in cats

A

Ribs/ICS 4-7
30 degree axis

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14
Q

Location of heart in bovine

A

ICS 2-5

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15
Q
A

1) Pericardial cavity
2) visceral pericardium aka epicardium
3) parietal pericardium
4) Fibrous pericardium (connective tissue layer or parietal pericardium)
5) mediastinal pleura
6) phrenico-pericardiac ligament

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16
Q
A

1) Fibrous pericardium
2) parietal pericardium
3) pericardium space
4) visceral pericardium aka epicardium

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17
Q

Name the ligament of the heart typical to birds

A

Hepatopericardial ligament

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18
Q

Name the cardiac ligament typical for livestock

A

Sterno-pericardial ligament

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19
Q

Name the cardiac ligament typical for carnivores

A

Phrenico-pericardial ligament

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20
Q
A

1) sternopericardial ligament
2) phrenicopericardial ligament
3) diaphragm
4) sternum

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21
Q

What drives blood flow in arteries

A

Pressure gradient

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22
Q

What drives blood flow in veins

A

Valves

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23
Q
A

1) Left/auricular surface
2) right or atrial surface
3) Cr vena cava
4) right auricle
5) Brachiocephalic trunk
6) right ventricle
7) pulmonary trunk
8) left auricle
9) left ventricle
10) aorta
11) left atrium
12) pulmonary arteries
13) pulmonary veins
14) caudal vena cava
15) left ventricle
16) right ventricle
17) right atrium
18) cranial vena cava

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24
Q
A

1) brachiocephalic trunk
2) pulmonary trunk
3) right ventricle
4) left auricle
5) aorta
6) left atrium
7) left ventricle
8) caudal vena cava
9) left ventricle
10) right ventricle
11) right atrium
12) cr vena cava

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25
Q
A

Intermediate groove
Found only in bovine

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26
Q
A

1) Paraconal interventricular groove
2) coronary groove
3) subsinousal interventricular groove

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27
Q
A

1) Right
2) Left
3) subsinousal
4) coronary groove
5) pulmonary trunk
6) paraconal interventricular groove

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28
Q
A

1) Fossal ovalis
2) Intervenous tubercle
3) Crista terminalis aka terminal crest
4) Pectinate muscles
5) opening of coronary sinus

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29
Q

Ignore #4!

A

1) chordae tendinae
2) papillary muscles
3) trabeculae carnae
4) left ventricle (not conus arteriosus -right ventricle only)

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30
Q
A

Trabecula septomarginalis

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31
Q

Purpose of trabecula septomarginalis

A

Prevent overextension
Has conduction fibers to spread conduction btw septum and ventricle free wall

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32
Q
A

1) Trabeculae carnae
2) papillary muscles
3) chordae tendinae

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33
Q

Describe the flow of blood starting from vena cava including valves

A

Vena cava
R atrium
tricuspid AV valve
R Vent
Pulmomonary semilunar valve
Pulmonary arteries
Lungs
Pulmonary veins
L atrium
Bicuspid AV valve
L Vent
Aortic semilunar valve
Aorta
Body tissues

34
Q

Which valves are open in diastole

A

Tricuspid and Mitral AV valves

35
Q

Which valves are open in systole

A

Aortic and Pulmonary semilunar valves

36
Q

What causes chordae tendinae to be taut

A

Contraction of papillary muscles in ventricuclar contraction
closes AV valves in systole

37
Q

How many leaflets do the semilunar valves have

A

3

38
Q
A

1) Opening for right coronary artery
2) aortic sinus
3) nodule
4) Opening for left coronary artery

39
Q

Intercostal space for PMI of Pulmonary valve

A

3

40
Q

Intercostal space for PMI of Aortic valve

A

4

41
Q

Intercostal space for PMI of Mitral valve

A

5

42
Q

Intercostal space for PMI of Tricuspid valve

A

4 (right side)

43
Q

What makes the “lub” sound

A

AV valve closure, Systole

44
Q

What makes the “dub” sound

A

Aortic/Pulmonic valves closure, Diastole

45
Q
A

1) L coronary a
2) aortic valve
3) R coronary a
4) subsinousal interventircular a
5) circumflex a
6) paraconal interventircular a

46
Q

Name the arteries

A

1) L coronary a
2) circumflex a
3) paraconal interventricular a

47
Q

Species difference of subsinousal interventricular branch

A

Carnivores and ruminants: subsinousal inter. arises from L coronary a (Left dominant)

Horses and pigs: subsinousal inter. arises from the right coronary a (right dominant)

48
Q

Where does great cardiac vein run?

A

paraconal inter. and coronary grooves

49
Q

Where does middle cardiac vein run>?

A

subsinousal inter. groove

50
Q

What is the coronary sinus

A

Enlargement of great cardiac vein where it enters the R atrium

51
Q
A

1,2) great cardiac vein
3) Coronary sinus
4) middle cardiac vein

52
Q
A

1) sinoatrial (SA) node
2) atrioventircular (AV) node
3) Bundle of His aka atrioventircular bundle
4) Purkinje fibers

53
Q

What does the SA node do and its location

A

Pacemaker of heart
Terminal crest of r atrium

54
Q

What does the AV node do and its location

A

Conducts signal to AV bundle/bundle of His
Ventral interatrial septum

55
Q

What are Perkinje fibers and their location

A

Fibers synapsing with myocardial cells
Just deep to the endocardium

55
Q

What does the AV bundle and branches do and its location

A

Conducts signal from AV node to ventricular myocardium
One bundle branch specific to each ventricle
Nerve fibers within the interventricular septum

56
Q

What structures does the cranial vena cava drain?

A

Head, neck, back, and thoracic limbs

56
Q
A

1) Bundle of His
2) Left bundle
3) Purkinje fibers
4) Trabeculae septomarginales
5) Purkinje fibers
6) Right bundle
7) Av node
8) SA nodes
9) Terminal crest

57
Q

What structures does the caudal vena cava drain?

A

abdomen, pelvis and pelvic limbs

58
Q

Describe the location of the cranial vena cava

A

Within cr mediastinum
Begins at level of thoracic inlet
Ventral to esophagus and trachea in thorax

59
Q

What structures does the azygous vein drain

A

dorsal body wall and dorsal intercostal spaces

60
Q

Species differences of azygous vein

A

Found unpaired on right side in dogs, cats, and horses
Paired in bovine

61
Q

Describe the location of the thoracic duct

A

Travels along the dorsal aspect of the descending aorta

62
Q

What is the thoracic duct and what does it do

A

Lymphatic vessel
drains lymph from abdominal and thoracic cavities into the left brachiocephalic vein (cr vena cava)

63
Q

Does the pulmonary trunk carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood

A

deoxygenated blood from RA to lungs

64
Q

Do the pulmonary veins carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood

A

oxygenated blood from the lungs to the LA

65
Q

How many pulmonary veins are there

A

6-9
one for each lobe (varies by species)

66
Q

Name the connective tissue band btwen the pulmonary trunk and the aorta

A

Ligamentum arteriosum

67
Q

What is the ligamentum arteriosum

A

closed fetal remnant of the ductus arteriosus

68
Q
A

Ligamentum arteriosum

69
Q

List the branching of the aortic arch

A

brachiocephalic trunk –> subclavian (right and left) –>
costocervical trunk, superficial cervical, internal thoracic, vertebral a

70
Q

Species difference in the branching of the aortic arch

A

Large animals have a bicarotid trunk that divides into right and left common carotid aa

71
Q

Species difference in the origin of the left subclavian a

A

Carnivores and pig: It is a branch of the aortic arch

LA: it is a branch of the brachiocephalic trunk

72
Q
A

1) Pulmonary trunk
2) Aorta
3) left subclavian a
4) brachiocephalic trunk
5) right subclavian a
6) common carotid aa
7) cr vena cava
8) ca vena cava
10) bicarotid trunk
11) left azygous vein

73
Q

What is the phrenic nerve

A

Motor nerve to control diaphragm

74
Q

What nerves does the phrenic nerve arise from

A

C5, C6, C7 nerve roots

75
Q
A

1) left recurrent laryngeal nerve
2) left vagus nerve
3) right vagus nerve
4) dorsal vagal trunk
5) ventral vagal trunk

76
Q

Compare the left and right recurrent laryngeal nerves

A

Left: curves cranially around aortic arch
right: curves cranially around right subclavian a

77
Q

What is the purpose of the recurrent laryngeal nerve and what structure does it run closely to?

A

motor innervation to the larynx
runs directly on the tracheal surface

78
Q
A

1) Cranial cervical ganglion
2) cervical part of the sympathetic trunk
3) cervicothoracic ganglion
4) ansa subclavia
5) middle cervical ganglion
6) sympathetic trunk with interganglionary branches

Breathing and Circulating (4 decks)

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