Lower Respiratory Anatomy

Question 1

describe the portions of the trachea and what structure it is closely related with

Answer 1

Has cervical and thoracic portions
Runs next to esophagus

Question 2

What is the trachea composed of?

Answer 2

Series of incomplete hylaine cartilage rings and is closed on dorsal side by trachealis m

Question 3

trachea species differences

Answer 3

Trachealis m is outside of ring in carnivores and pigs
It is inside in ox and horse
Ox has a dorsal projection and tje trachea is very narrow
Horse trachea is very wide

Question 4

What is the name of the structures that coat along the inside and outside of the trachea

Answer 4

Respiratory mucous membrane inside
and Adventitia connective tissue outside

Question 5

List the structures closely associated to the cervical trachea

Answer 5

Recurrent laryngeal n
common carotid a
vagosympoathetic trunk
internal jugular vein
thyroid gland
thymus in young animals

Question 6

Describe what occurs in the thoracic trachea

Answer 6

Divides into two main/principle bronchi

Question 7

What is the carina and clin sig

Answer 7

Thickened cartilage at the midline where the trachea divides
easily seen in xrays

Question 8

Answer 8

Carina

Question 9

Describe the bronchial tree

Answer 9

Principle bronchi: one for each lung
Lobar Bronchi: one for each lobe

Question 10

How are lung lobes determined

Answer 10

Determined by the lobar bronchi (1 lobar bronchi per lobe)

Question 11

What is the tracheal bronchi and in what species does it occur

Answer 11

Bronchi that arises directly from the right lateral surface of the trachea to supply air to the right cranial lobe

Pigs and Ruminants

Question 12

Describe the base and apex of the lungs

Answer 12

Base = associated with diaphragm (caudal)
Apex = cranial

Question 13

Distinguish Hilus and root

Answer 13

Hilus = area/space for where the vessels and structures enter the lung

Root = all structures within the Hilus

Question 14

List the Lung impressions and on which lung they are more prominent

Answer 14

Aortic
Tracheal
Esophagic
Cardiac (impression and notch)

More prominent on left lung

Question 15

Answer 15

1) Tracheal impression
2) aortic impression
3) Esophagic impression
4) cardiac impression
5) Cardiac notch

Question 16

Describe the lung lobes in carnivores

Answer 16

Left:
Cranial lobe(cr and ca parts)
Caudal lobe

Right:
Cranial lobe
Middle lobe
Caudal lobe
Accessory lobe

Question 17

Describe the lung lobes in ruminants

Answer 17

Left:
Cranial lobe(cr and ca parts)
Caudal lobe

Right:
Cranial lobe (cr and ca parts)
Middle lobe
Caudal lobe
Accessory lobe

Question 18

Describe the lung lobes in horses

Answer 18

Left:
Cranial lobe
Caudal lobe

Right:
Cranial lobe
Caudal lobe
Accessory lobe

Question 19

describe lung irrigation

Answer 19

functional: pulmonary aa and vv
nutritive: additionally by broncho-esophageal aa and vv

Question 20

List the portions of the diaphragm

Answer 20

muscular, tendinous portions
2 crura

Question 21

What structures pass through aortic hiatus?

Answer 21

Descending aorta
Azygous vein
Thoracic duct

Question 22

What structures pass through Esophageal hiatus?

Answer 22

Esophagus
Vagus n

Question 23

What structures pass through caval foramen

Answer 23

Caudal vena cava

Question 24

List the foramen/hiatus in the diaphragm from dorsal to ventral and where they are generally located compared to midline

Answer 24

Aortic (left shifted)
Esophageal (on midline)
Caval (right shifted in the tendinous portion)