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Neurology > Upper motor neurones and control of movement > Flashcards

Upper motor neurones and control of movement Flashcards

1
Q

Motor control hierarchy involved which three levels?

A

High level- strategy

Middle level- tactics

Low- execution

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2
Q

Which structures are responsible for strategy in motor control?

A

Neocortical association areas, Basal Ganglia

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3
Q

Which structures are responsible for tactics in motor control?

A

Motor cortex, Cerebellum

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4
Q

Which structures are responsible for execution in motor control?

A

Brain stem, spinal cord

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5
Q

Describe strategy in motor control

A

What is the aim of the movement? How can it best be achieved?

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6
Q

What are the tactics involved in motor control?

A

What sequence of muscle contractions and relaxations in time and space will fulfil the strategic aim

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7
Q

What is involved in execution of motor control?

A

Activation of motor pools and interneurone pools that command the desired movement and make essential postural adjustments

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8
Q

Controlled movements of the body (motor control) are initiated/influenced by (2)?

A

Multiple sensory inputs

A need to move using internal mechanisms

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9
Q

Descending spinal tracts arise from ______ _____ and _____ ____

A

Descending spinal tracts arise from cerebral cortex and brain stem

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10
Q

Descending spinal tracts are concerned with;

_____ of movement

_______ tone

_____ reflexes

spinal _______ functions

_______ of sensory transmission to _____ centres

A

Descending spinal tracts are concerned with;

control of movement

muscle tone

spinal reflexes

spinal autonomic functions

modulation of sensory transmission to higher centres

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11
Q

What are the two important pathway divisions in descending spinal tracts?

A

Lateral and ventromedial

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12
Q

Lateral pathways are under control from the ______ _____.

They are important for ________ control of distal ________, partially discrete, ______ movements (hands and fingers)

A

Lateral pathways are under control from the cerebral cortex.

They are important for voluntary control of distal musculature, partially discrete, skilled movements (hands and fingers)

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13
Q

Lateral pathways include;

A

Lateral corticospinal tract

Rubrospinal tract

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14
Q

Ventromedial pathways are under control from the ______ and are important for the control of _______ and ________.

A

Ventromedial pathways are under control from the brainstem and are important for the control of posture and locomotion.

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15
Q

The ventromedial pathways include;

A
  • pontine reticulospinal tract
  • medullary reticulospinal tract
  • lateral vestibulospinal tract
  • tectospinal tract
  • ventral corticospinal tract
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16
Q

The major lateral pathway is the _______ (or _____) tract

A

The major lateral pathway is the corticospinal (or pyramidal) tract

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17
Q

The corticospinal tract is one of the ______ and ____ CNS tracts

A

The corticospinal tract is one of the longest and largest CNS tracts

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18
Q

Cell bodies of the CST are located in?

A

The motor cortex (BA4 and BA6) and somatosensort areas of the parietal cortex

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19
Q

Axons of the CST course to the base of the ______ forming a tract- the _________ pyramid

A

Axons of the CST course to the base of the medulla forming a tract- the medullary pyramid

20
Q

Most fibres of the CST cross at the ________ ________ to form the _______ ______ _____- remainder stay ipsilateral to form the _______ ________ _____ and decussate more caudally

A

Most fibres of the CST cross at the pyramidal decussation to form the lateral corticospinal tract- remainder stay ipsilateral to form the ventral corticospinal tract and decussate more caudally

21
Q

Axons of the CST terminate where?

A

In the dorsolateral region of the ventral horn and intermediate grey.

22
Q

Irrespective of the level of decussation of the CST fibres, _____ hemisphere controls _____ musculature

A

Irrespective of the level of decussation of the CST fibres, left hemisphere controls right musculature

23
Q

The rubrospinal tract is _________ older than the CST

A

The rubrospinal tract is phylogenetically older than the CST

24
Q

Cell bodies of the rubrospinal tract are located where?

Where does the input come from?

A

In the red nucleus

Input is from the motor cortex and the cerebellum

25
Q

Axons of the rubrospinal tract decussate at the ____ ______ _________ and descend the spinal cord ventrolateral to the _______ ________ ______, terminating in the ____ ____

A

Axons of the rubrospinal tract decussate at the ventral tegmental decussation and descend the spinal cord ventrolateral to the lateral corticospinal tract, terminating in the ventral horn

26
Q

The rubrospinal tract exerts control over limb _____ muscle, exciting LMNs of those muscles

A

The rubrospinal tract exerts control over limb flexor muscle, exciting LMNs of those muscles

27
Q

Lesions of the lateral columns are associated with;

  • loss of ______ movements
  • slowing and impairment of accuracy of ______ _______
  • _____ effect on normal posture
A

Lesions of the lateral columns are associated with;

  • loss of fractionated movements
  • slowing and impairment of accuracy of voluntary movements
  • little effect on normal posture
28
Q

Give an example of fractionated movement

A

Shoulders, elbow, wrist and fingers moving independently

29
Q

Why can recovery from lesion of the CST occur?

A

As the rubrospinal tract can compensate- weaness will persist.

30
Q

Where do cell bodies of the vestibulospinal tract lie?

A

Vestibular nuclei (lateral and medial)

31
Q

Where do cell bodies of the vestibulospinal tract recieve input from?

A

Input via CN VIII from the vestibular labytinths

Cerebellar input is also important

32
Q

Axons from the lateral vestibular nucleus (______ nucleus) descend ipsilaterally as the ______ _________ ____ as far as the ____ ___ ____

A

Axons from the lateral vestibular nucleus (Deiter’ nucleus) descend ipsilaterally as the lateral vestibulospinal tract as far as the lumbar spinal cord

33
Q

How does the vestibulospinal tract help to hold upright and balanced posture?

A

By facilitating extensor MNs of antigravity muscles

34
Q

Axons from the medial vestibular nucleus descend as the _____ _________ ____ as far as the _____ ______ ____

A

Axons from the medial vestibular nucleus descend as the medial vestibulospinal tract as far as the cervical spinal cord

35
Q

What is the role of the medial vestibulospinal tracts?

A

Activate the cervical spinal circuits that control neck and back movements guiding head muscles

36
Q

Where do cell bodies of the tectospinal tract reside?

A

Superior colliculus (aka optic tectum)

37
Q

Where does the optic tectum recieve input from?

A

Direct input from the retina and from the visual cortex and afferents conveying somatosensory and auditory information

38
Q

Where do axons of the tectospinal tract decussate?

A

In the dorsal tegmental decussation

39
Q

How do the axons of the tectospinal tract descend?

A

Descend close to the midline as the tectospinal tract to the cervical spinal cord

40
Q

What do axons of the tectospinal tract influence?

A

Muscles of the neck, upper trunk and shoulders

41
Q

What does the superior colliculus act as?

A

A map of the external world guiding the orientation of the head and eyes to an important, new, visual stimulus

42
Q

Where do pontine and medullary reticulospinal tracts originate from?

A

From the reticular formation

43
Q

What is the reticular formation?

A

Diffuse mesh of neurones that are located along the length and at the core of the brainstam

44
Q

The pontine (_____) reticulospinal tract;

  • descends _________
  • _______ antigravity reflexes of the _____ ____
  • helps to maintain a standing posture by facilitating the ________ of the ________ of the _____ _____
A

The pontine (medial) reticulospinal tract;

  • descends ipsilaterally
  • enhances antigravity reflexes of the spinal cord
  • helps to maintain a standing posture by facilitating the contraction of the extensors of the lower limbs
45
Q

The medullary (_____) reticulospinal tract;

  • descends _______
  • _______ the action of the medial _____
  • _______ antigravity muscles from _____ ______
A

The medullary (lateral) reticulospinal tract;

  • descends bilaterally
  • opposes the action of the medial tract
  • releases antigravity muscles from reflex control
46
Q

Activity in both the medial and lateral reticulospinal tract is controlled by what?

A

Descending signals from the cortex

Neurology (41 decks)

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