Upper Limbs 1 Flashcards
What makes up the shoulder gridle?
Scapula and Clavicle.
Where in Scapula does Clavicle gets attached to?
Acromion Process
Bones that make up the Upper Extremity?
Humerus (shoulder to elbow), Radius and Ulna (Elbow to wrist), Carpals (Wrist Bone), Metacarpals (Knuckles), and Phalanges (fingers)
Where does the Humerus articulate to form the ball and socket joint of the shoulder
Glenoid Cavity
Acromion Process
Attachment point for Clavicle
Coracoid process
In the Scapula. C-shaped hook for Pec Minor to attach.
What part of Humerus connects to the glenoid cavity of Scapula?
Head
What separates Greater Tubercle from Lesser Tubercle of the Humerus?
Intertubercular Groove- Tendon for Biceps
Difference b/w Anatomical and Surgical Neck
Anatomical Neck is directly distal to the Head. Surgical Neck is “Actual” neck and more fractures can be here since it is much thinner
Deltoid Tuberosity
bump on the lateral side where the deltoid muscle inserts on the humerus and pulls on it.
Radius of the Humerus is found in which type of Condyles?
Capitulum (Lateral)
Ulna of the Humerus is found in which type of Condyles?
Trochlea (medial)
which fossa does Ulna bind to on the Anterior side?
Coranoid Fossa (smaller fossa where the Ulna fits in so we don’t overflex the elbow)
Olecranon Fossa
Big dip on the Posterior side, where the Ulna attaches to the trochlea.
Which shoulder joint has the most mobility?
Glenohumeral Joint
Where is Glenohumeral Joint found
Ball and socket joint between head of humerus and glenoid cavity.
Cartilage within glenoid cavity that allows for head of Humerus to be attached
Glenoid Labrum
Acromioclavicular
type of Joint between the Acromion of Scapula and the lateral end of the Clavicle
Sternoclavicular Joint
Between the Manubrium of Sternum and the medial end of the clavicle
Forearm that’s on the same side as thumb
Radius (lateral Forearm bone)
Forearm that’s on the same side as pinky
Ulna (Medial forearm bone)
What makes up the Proximal end of the Ulna? Name three
Trochlear notch, Olecranon Process (olecranon fossa), and Coronoid Process (Coronoid fossa)
Head of the Radius articulates with?
Capitulum of the Humerus but don’t physically join together.
Distal ends of the Biceps joins where?
Radial Tuberosity
How is Radius and Humerus differs from Ulna?
Radius and Humerus can do a Hinge motion of flexion, but radius can also able to Pivot. Ulna is locked in place so can only hinge but not pivot.
Ulna vs Radius size difference from proximal to Distal
Proximal end, radius is smaller but the Ulna is bigger. But on the distal end, radius is bigger but the ulna is smaller.
Styloid Process
Both Radius and Ulna has it. Looks like Pen stylus which is where the wrist joint will form between the carpals and the distal radius and ulna.
What compartment divides the foramen into Anterior and Posterior muscle?
Interosseous membrane
What allows for forearm pronation and supination?
Radius which can freely rotate along the capitulum (pivot point)
In anatomical position, different between Supination and Pronation of Radius and Ulna?
Supination- Radius and Ulna not crossed
Pronation- Radius and Ulna crossed
What type of Joint allows for Supination and Pronation Pivoting?
Proximal radio-ulnar Joint
Anular Ligament
Important Ligament to hold the radius in place. It wraps around the radial head so that it doesn’t move and helps to hold it in place so that it can pivot without moving out of its socket
What type of joint is Elbow joint
Synovial hinge joint so it can do flexion and extension between the humerus and radius, and humerus and ulna articulating together.
Bones that make up the Carpals? In order
Some Lover tries position that they can’t handle.
Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, and Hamate.
How is thumb bone different than rest of the fingers?
All beside Thumb has three types of Phalanges: Proximal, Medial, and Distal. Thumb bone has only proximal and distal.
Carpal tunnel
formed by Flexor retinaculum covering the Carpal Arch.
Which bone forms the attachment for the carpals and metacarpals of the thumb?
Trapezium
what type of joint is the carpals-metacarpals joint for the thumb?
Saddle Joint which let us do the opposition with the thumb
Wrist Joint attachment point
Radius and Ulna with Scaphoid, Lunate, and Triquetrum. No Pisiform.
Metacarpophalangeal Joint (MCP)
Joint between the Metacarpals and the Proximal Phalangeal.
Difference of Intraphalangeal joints (compare Thumb to other fingers)
Thumb only has joints between Proximal and Distal, others have proximal-medial, medial-distal joints.
Action and Innervation of Trapezius
Elevate, retract, depress Scapulae.
Innervated by Accessory Nerve (CN XI)
Action and Innervation of Latissimus Dorsi
Extend, Adduct, and medially rotate humerus.
Innervated by Thoracodors al n.
Action and Innervation of Levator Scapulae
Elevate Scapulae. Innerv: Dorsal Scapular n.
Action and Innervation of Rhomboid major/minor
Retract and elevate Scapular
Inner: Dorsal Scapular n,
Action and Innervation of Serratus Anterior
Protraction and rotation of scapula. Innervated by Long Thoracic nerve,
If Dorsal Scapular nerve gets cut off, then we cant do
Elevate and Retract Scapula.
Origin and Insertion of Deltoid Muscle
O: Spine of the Scapula and Clavicle
I: Deltoid Tuberosity of the Humerus
Innervation for Deltoid Muscle
Axillary Nerve
What are the Actions of the deltoid muscle
Arm Abduction (after 15 degree supraspinatus motion)
Origin and Insertion of the Supraspinous Muscle
O: Supraspinous Fossa of Scapula
I: Superior part of greater tubercle of Humerus
Actions of Supraspinous Muscle
Initiated Abduction (first 15 deg then taken over by Deltoid Muscle)
If Suprascapular Nerve gets damaged, then we will unable to do what type of Actions
Initiating Abduction and Rotating Humerus laterally.
Origin and Insertion of Infraspinous Muscle
O- Infraspinous fossa of Scapula
I- greater tubercle of humerus posterior to insertion of supraspinous
Actions of Infraspinous Muscle
Rotates humerus laterally
Origin and Insertion of Teres Minor
**MInor is superior to Major
O: Similar to Infraspinous (Infraspinous Fossa)
I: Greater tubercle of Humerus
Action of Teres Minor
Lateral rotation of the arm
Innervation of Teres Minor
Axillary Nerve
Origin and Insertion of Teres Major
O: Near the Infraspinous Fossa
I: Front of the Humerus
Action of Teres Major
Extends, medially rotates, and adducts Humerus
Innervation of Teres Major
Lower subscapular nerve
Origin and Insertion of the Subscapularis Muscle
O: Subscapular fossa of Scapula
I: Front of the Humerus (lesser tubercle of humerus)
Action of the Subscapularis
Medial Rotator of Humerus
Innervation of Subscapularis
Subscapular Nerve (Upper and Lower)
What muscle/s are found in the Anterior side of the Scapula?
Teres Major, Latissimus Dorsi, and Pec Major. (La-di between two majors :P)
Also Subscapularis muscle
Name all the Rotator Cuff Muscles
SITS
Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor, and Subscapularis
(Except for Subpraspinatoru, everything else helps in rotation as well)
Why is Axilla region Important?
Name 6
Important areas that passes structures from the neck to the Upper extremity.
- Subclavian Artery- Axillary Artery
- Axillary Vein–Subclavian vein
- Brachial Plexus- Innervates all upper limb except for Trapezius
- Axillary Nodes- Breast and Upper Limbs drains into Axillary node
- Axillary tail of Breast
- Upper portions of some arm muscles will also cross Axilla region.
Components of the Inlet of Axilla
Anterior- Clavicle
Posterior- Scapula
Medially- Rib 1
Anterior wall of the Axilla Boundaries
Pec Major and Clavipectoral fascia (subclavius and pec minor)
Medial wall of the Axilla Boundaries
Serratus Anterior and Thoracic Wall
Lateral Wall of the Axilla
Humerus
Posterior Wall of the Axilla boundaries
Muscles over the scapula and triceps muscle
Floor of the Axilla
Dome of skin and Fascia. No major muscles there.
Axillary artery is divided into how many parts?
3 parts based on Pec Minor Muscle.
What does the 1st part of the Axillary Artery supplies?
1st: Proximal to Pec. Minor. Supplies the Superior Thoracic Region
What does the second part of the Axillary artery supplies?
2nd: Posterior to Pec minor. Supplies Thoraco-acromial
and Lateral Thoracic
What does the third part of the Axillary artery supplies?
3rd: Distal to Pec Minor…supplies Subscapular,
Anterior and Posterior Circumflex humeral.
What does Axillary Artery becomes after crossing Latissimum Dorsi and Teres Major?
Brachial Artery in the arm.
Which artery is used to measure the blood pressure?
Brachial Artery
As brachial artery crosses the elbow, it changes into
Radial and Ulnar Arteries
What supplies the posterior compartment of the arm
Profunda Artery which gets branched from Brachial Arteries
What runs alongside the profunda brachii?
Radial Nerve
If region around deltopecpectoral groove is damaged, then what will be the most probable effect cause of that
Cephalic Vein will be damaged which drains posterior lateral side of UE and passes in the deltopectoral groove between the deltoid and pectoralis major muscle before it enters the axillary vein.
Superficial Brachial Vein drainage medially and laterally
Cephalic (laterally) and Basilic (medially)
Branch Point and Innervation of Dorsal Scapular
BP- Roots
Innervation- Rhomboids
Branch Point and Innervation of Long Thoracic
BP- Roots
Innervation- Serratus Anterior
Branch Point and Innervation of Suprascapular
BP- Trunks
INNV- Infraspinous, Supraspinous
Branch Point and Innervation of Lateral Pectoral
BP- Lateral Cord
INNV- Pectoral Major
Branch Point and Innervation of Musculocutaneous
BP- Lateral Cord
INNV- Anterior Arm Compartment
Branch Point and Innervation of Median
BP- Lateral and Medial Cord
INNV- Forearm: most of anterior compartment
Hand- a few muscle
Branch Point and Innervation of Medial Pectoral
BP- Medial Cord
INNV- Pectoralis Major and minor
Branch Point and Innervation of Ulnar
BP- Medial Cord
INNV- Forearm: a few muscles of anterior forearm
Hand: most of hand muscles
Branch Point and Innervation of Thoracodorsal
BP- Posterior Cord
INNV- Latissimus Dorsi
Branch Point and Innervation of Axillary
BP- Posterior Cord
INNV- Deltoid, Teres Minor
Branch Point and Innervation of Radial
BP- Posterior Cord
INNV- Posterior Compartment of arm and forearm
Branch Point and Innervation of Subscapular
BP- Posterior Cord
INNV- Subscapularis, Teres Major (Lower Subscapular)
Axillary Artery runs between which two compartments
The axillary artery runs between the anterior and posterior divisions of the brachial plexus.
What is located directly behind the Axillary Artery?
Radial Nerve which branches off of Posterior Cord.
