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Bovine Medicine > Upper Limb Lameness > Flashcards

Upper Limb Lameness Flashcards

1
Q

What is the prognosis for obturator paralysis?

A

Guarded - especially if bilateral

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2
Q

Describe Grade 1 sciatic nerve paralysis:

A

Loss of motor function (proprioception) but full sensation at the pastern. Recovery in a few days.

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3
Q

Describe Grade 4 femoral paralysis:

A

Cow sits in frog leg position unable to correct itself.

Prognosis - hopeless

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4
Q

Injections administered into the gluteals of thinly muscled young animals may damage what nerve?

A

Sciatic

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5
Q

Describe Grade 3 sciatic nerve paralysis:

A

Loss of sensation to tibial nerve as well - no superficial sensation below the fetlock. Recovery in 2-4 weeks.

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6
Q

What is ‘patella locking’?

A

Upward fixation of the patella - the patella becomes temporarily fixed on the medial aspect of the upper part of the femoral trochlear

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7
Q

What are the clinical signs of septic arthritis?

A
  • Sudden onset lameness
  • Recumbency (if several joints affected)
  • Swollen joint/s - heat, pain, +/- fever
  • Rapid muscle atrophy of affected limb
  • After several weeks - capsular fibrosis causes limited joint movement
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8
Q

What is a common entry point for bacteria in newborn calves?

A

Umbilicus

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9
Q

What nerve damage does this animal appear to be suffering from? How can you tell?

A

Tibial nerve paralysis - stifle is dropped, hock is over-flexed and the weight bearing surface is still firmly on the ground

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10
Q

What procedure is being performed here?

A

Reduction of a dislocated hip

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11
Q

What treatment would you provide for sacro-iliac luxation?

A

NSAIDs and rest

Salvage slaughter

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12
Q

What is the treatment for spastic paresis (‘elso heel’)?

A

Patial / total tibial neurectomy

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13
Q

How does spastic paresis (‘Elso heel’) present?

A
  • In growing cattle 3-6m old
  • Affects one or both indlimbs
    • Excessive tone and spastic contracture of the gastocnemius muscles - gross over extension of the hock
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14
Q

Describe Grade 3 femoral paralysis:

A

No patella reflex. Unable to support weight when lifted.

Prognosis - poor

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15
Q

This animal is able to support its own weight but is unable to extend and joints of the limb. What might be the cause?

A

Radial nerve paralysis (at a high level)

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16
Q

Describe Grade 2 sciatic nerve paralysis:

A

Loss of function of peroneal branch - lose sensation to anterior pastern. Recovery 7-10 days.

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17
Q

What treatment would you recommend in a case of stifle instability?

A

No treatment - recommend slaughter on welfare grounds

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18
Q

How do minor fractures of the tuber coxae appear?

A

As ‘dropped’ or ‘knocked’ hips

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19
Q

What nerve damage does this animal appear to be suffering from? How can you tell?

A

Tibial nerve paralysis - Hock over-flexed while weight bearing surface remains on the ground

20
Q

Describe Grade 2 femoral paralysis:

A

Absent patella reflex. Legs behind when trying to stand. Walk a few paces before falling after lifting.

Prognosis - good if nursed correctly

21
Q

What is typically the cause of peripheral nerve injuries in cattle and how do they present?

A
  • Usually associated with dystocia or secondary to metabolic diseases causing recumbency
  • Present as dysfunction of the limb rather than lameness
    • weakness
    • paralysis
    • poor muscle tone
    • decreased - absent reflexes
22
Q

How do you treat a dislocated hip?

A
  • Traction under heavy sedation
    • Place animal in lateral recumbency with affected hip dorsally
    • Fix cows body to a solid object using heavy rope through the inguinal area
    • Apply block and tackle to affected olimb and secure this to another traction point
    • Apply traction while at the same time rotating the femur by pushing down on the stifle and lfting the hock
    • Successful rotation accompanied by an audible ‘clunk’
    • Leave the cow in sternal recumbency - do not reverse xylazine sedation
  • Quite sucessful if done within 12hrs
  • Poor prognosis if they reluxate
23
Q

What is a possible sequelae of tibial paralysis?

A

Partial / complete rupture of the gastrocnemius muscle

24
Q

How would you treat septic arthritis?

A
  • In adult cattle - unrewarding
  • Calves treatment may be sucessful if:
    • treated early
    • high dose of systemic antibiotics given over several weeks
    • not more than 2 joints affected
    • no other systemic signs
  • Procaine penicillin and ampicillin, amoxycillin or oxytetracycline
  • NSAIDs to alleviate pain
  • Some value in joint lavage of single affected joint (best prognosis for fetlock)
25
Q

Describe Grade 1 femoral paralysis:

A

Legs go out behind when trying to stand but can stand and walk normally when lifted

Prognosis - good if nursed correctly

26
Q

What is this cow likely to be suffering from? How can you tell?

A

Severe sacro-iliac luxation - the loin area is dropped and the tuber coxae are very pronounced (raised in relation to the vertebral coloumn)

27
Q

What might you find on post mortem of an animal with stifle instability?

A
  • Excessive volume of joint fluid
  • Medial meniscus seoerated from joint capsule
  • Ruptured cruciate ligament
  • Articular surface of medial condyle showing excessive ear
  • Large areas of osteophytes surrounding articular surfaces
  • Excessive calcification of synovial membrane
28
Q

This cow is completely unable to support her own weight and her forelimb appears to ‘hang’. What might be the cause?

A

Brachial plexus injury/paralysis

  • may have been caused by a haematoma or abscess between the scapula and the ribs
29
Q

How would you treat leg fractures?

A

Upper limb: usually not possible to treat

Below the hock: respond well to casting for 5-6wks (stabilize joint above and below)

30
Q

How would you confirm hip dislocation if a cow?

A

Deep palpation while the limb is rotated / flexed and extended. Will feel abnormal movement of the head of the femur and hear loud creaking noises.

31
Q

This animal is able to support its own weight but is unable to extend its fetlock. What might be the cause?

A

Radial nerve paralysis (low level)

32
Q

Where is the sciatic nerve most vulnerable to damage and what is the most common cause?

A

Most vulnerable at the level of the pelvis and the femur. Damage usually due to severe intra-pelvic pressure associated with dystocia.

33
Q

What is the main cause of obturator paralysis and what does it result in?

A

Commonly associated with ‘hip-lock’ dystocia

  • Paralysis of the adducting muscles of the hind limb - affected leg/s push out to the side
  • Normal sensation of lower limbs
34
Q

Where is the insertion of the peroneus tertius muscle?

A

Proximal metatarsal

35
Q

How can you go about examining an animal you susoect to have upper limb lameness?

A
  • Have someone walk the animal
  • Touch the interdigital space (stick / water jet)
    • foot lesion - should lift foot
    • upper limb - reluctant to lift foot
  • Rule out claw lameness
  • Lightly sedate with xylazine
  • Feel the joints of the lame limb and pelvis as the sedated animal walks
    • listen for clunks / crepitus
36
Q

How do you treat pelvic fractures and what is the prognosis?

A

Lameness usually only minor. No treatment required and prognosis is good.

37
Q

Describe Grade 4 sciatic nerve paralysis:

A

Loss of deep pain reflexes. No sensation at pastern. Recovery at least 4 weeks.

38
Q

When is radial paralysis most commonly seen?

A

In cows that have been recumbent for some time because of milk fever

Also in cows cast on hard surfaces or blunt trauma to the shoulder area

39
Q

How would you treat upward fixation of the patella?

A
  • Standing sedation (xylazine)
  • Palpation and positive identification of medial, middle and lateral patella ligaments - important!
  • Surgical prep and local anaesthesia over area of medial patellar ligament
  • Vertical 2-3cm incision made just anterior to the medial patellar ligament
  • Ligament cut using a curved tenotome
  • Insert 2-3 skin sutures
  • Relief should be immediate
  • Condition often bilateral - do other limb prophylactically?
40
Q

What can you see in this cows leg and what is the most likely cause?

A

Knuckling of the fetlock and extension of the hock - peroneal paralysis

Associated with milk fever and ‘downer cow syndrome’

41
Q

What might cause damage to the femoral nerve in adult cattle v calves?

A

Adult cattle: overstretching of the nerve when recumbent cattle try to rise

Calves: in newborns following excessive traction when hip or stifle locked

42
Q

How does an animal with upward fixation of the patella walk?

A

With a jerky movement - leg gets caught behind in extension for a longer than normal period of time and is then jerked upwards and forwards as the patella frees itself

43
Q

What is sacro-iliac luxation often associated with?

A

Dystocia and milk fever

44
Q

This cow is recently calved. What does this posture indicate?

A

Bilateral sciatic nerve damage

45
Q

How do you go about stifle examination in a standing animal?

A
  • Gait examined from a distance
    • weight bearing on the toe
    • restricted movement of the stifle joint
    • limb facing more laterally
  • Palpation of the stifle
    • patella ligaments should be easily palpated
    • joint effusion evident between liagments
    • crepitus felt on joint manipulation
    • light sedation and palpation while animal is walking slowly
46
Q

What do you do if a cow with a pelvic fracture has a piece of ileum protruding through the skin?

A

Remove the protruding piece of bone (bone cutters / fetotomy wire) - would will heal over

Bovine Medicine (13 decks)

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