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Bovine Medicine > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

In a case of uterine prolapse, what is the most important thing to tell the farmer while they wait for you to arrive?

A

Restrict movement.

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2
Q

Do you remove the placenta when repairing a uterine prolapse?

A

If it comes out easily, then yes. But if you have any difficulty just leave it.

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3
Q

Is replacement of the uterus easier if the cow is standing or recumbent?

A

Standing, but don’t force them to if they are already down.

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4
Q

Do you give oxytocin before or after replacement of the uterus?

A

Give after replacement. DO NOT give before or it will go hard and be even more difficult to replace.

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5
Q

What can you do to prevent the uterus from reprolapse in the first few days after treatment?

A

Use a Bruhner’s stitch.

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6
Q

What can predispose to uterine prolapse?

A

Hypocalcaemia and dystocia.

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7
Q

When would you consider uterine amputation?

A

Only if extensive trauma has occurred or if there is uncontrollable haemorrhage.

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8
Q

What must you differentiate when assessing a bladder prolapse?

A

Whether it is a prolapse or an eversion.

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9
Q

What is important to consider when giving systemic antibiotics for uterine infection?

A

Whether the minimum inhibitory concentration will be reached within the uterus Is it effective against the known pathogens Residues

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10
Q

What is important to consider when using an intrauterine antibiotic treatment?

A

Will it be inactivated by debris / anaerobic environment Will it interfere with the uterine defence mechanisms Is it effective against the known pathogens Residues

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11
Q

What is PGF2a useful for in cases of uterine infection?

A

In cases of pyometra, PGF2a is useful to facilitate uterine drainage by relaxation of the cervix

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12
Q

What is the biggest risk factor for metritis?

A

Retained foetal membranes

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13
Q

What is the milk withholding period for metricure?

A

No milk withhold

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14
Q

After how long is a placenta classified as retained?

A

>12hrs

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15
Q

How long might retained foetal membranes delay uterine involution?

A

Up to 50 days

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16
Q

Describe the process of normal uterine involution:

A

Cotyledon proteolysis (by day 3) Caruncle necrosis (by day 7) By day 26-30 the surface of the endometrium covered by epithelium

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17
Q

How long should it take a normal placenta to come away after calving?

A

3-6hrs

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18
Q

What hormonal therapy would you use for treatment of retained foetal membrane?

A

None - it is not effective.

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19
Q

What is the risk of reoccurrence for vaginal prolapse v uterine prolapse?

A

Vaginal prolapse: high risk of reoccurrence. Uterine prolapse: low risk of reoccurrence.

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20
Q

Which cow is most likely in heat?

A

The cow standing to be mounted.

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21
Q

What is a definitive behavioural sign of oestrus in a cow?

A

Standing still while being mounted by another cow

22
Q

What are secondary signs of oestrus in the cow?

A
  • Attempting to mount other cows
  • Mounting without standing
  • Vulval mucus discharge (clear, thin mucus)
  • Vulval swelling (not always apparent)
  • Restlessness, (heads held high in dairy yard prior to milking)
  • Sexually active groups: groups of cows engaging in mounting activity
  • Sniffing
  • Licking
  • Rubbing
  • Aggressive behaviour, Butting, Lip curling (Flehmen reaction), Bellowing
  • Chin resting
  • Increased ambulatory activity (detected with pedometers)
  • Poor milk let down
  • Rubbed pin bones or base of tail
23
Q

During oestrus, what will the concentrations of progesterone, oestradiol, LH and FSH be?

A

Progesterone: Low (<1 ng/mL)

Oestradiol: High

LH: Increase in frequency and amplitude to LH surge

FSH: increase with LH surge

24
Q

What factors may decrease oestrus behaviour?

A

Environment (barn housing, slippery flooring, weather extremes), stress, lameness, poor health, negative energy balance, old age, breed (bos indicus), synchronisation method (GnRH especially)

25
Q

What is a ‘silent heat’ and when is it especially common?

A

When a cow is in oestrus but does not stand to mount. Common with the first ovulation post-partum.

26
Q

How can you improve the efficiency and positive predictive value of heat detection?

A

Improve cow identification and record keeping, spend time observing cow behaviour, place suspicious cows in with a group of oestrus cows, use heat detection aids, optimise nutrition and health, staff training, consider oestrus synchronisation where there is a significant problem.

27
Q

What type of aids can be used to help detect oestrus?

A

Tail paint/crayons, rump mounted devices, pedometers, detector animals, vaginal mucous electrical resistance measurement

28
Q

What is the expected submission rate over a 3 week period?

A

High (>85%)

29
Q

How would you assess submission rates in a year-round calving herd?

A

At least every 2 months you should calculate the herd’s 80 day submission rate (target 73%)

30
Q

Ideally, what do we need to do to achieve a precise pattern of onset of oestrus and ovulation and achieve normal fertility?

A

Synchronise ovarian follicular development.

Synchronise a decline in circulating concentrations of progesterone.

Synchronise a preovulatory LH surge/ovulatory stimulus.

Ovulate follicles at an optimum stage of maturity.

CL following ovulation secretes adequate concentrations of progesterone.

31
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using a PG program to synchronise oestrus?

A

Advantages: Easy to administer, variety of programs, normal fertility & economical.

Disadvantages: only animals with CL >5d will respond, ineffective in anoestrus, can cause abortion in pregnant cows, wide pattern of onset of oestrus, dangers to humans.

32
Q

Describe the physiological reasons for each of the pharmacological treatments that are shown:

A

GnRH: synchronisation of new wave emergence (will induce ovulation or leutenisation)

Intravaginal progesterone releasing insert: stops ovulation until removal (acts as artificial CL)

Cloprostenol: luteolysis (if a real CL is present)

2nd GnRH: induce ovulation

33
Q

When would you recommend using EcG to attempt to improve fertility?

A

In an animal with poor body condition.

34
Q

What is the general name given to this synchronisation treatment?

A

Ov-Synch

35
Q

What is the general name given to this synchronisation treatment?

A

Co-Synch

36
Q

What is the general name given to this synchronisation treatment?

A

Select-synch

37
Q

What are the advantages of using artificial insemination?

A

Genetic progress and increased production, disease control, wider choice of sires, safety, improved record keeping

38
Q

What are the disadvantages of using artificial insemination?

A

Cost, requires good management, requires skill, inappropriate selection can increase the frequency of undesirable traits, can reduce reproductive performance

39
Q

List 5 diseases that could potentially be transmitted in bovine semen:

A
  • Tuberculosis
  • Brucellosis
  • Johne’s Disease
  • Trichomoniasis
  • Bovine Virus Diarrhoea
40
Q

List some factors affecting pregnancy rates to AI:

A
  • Dose of semen
  • Sire
  • Timing of AI in relation to onset of oestrus
  • Semen storage
  • Semen handling
  • Insemination technique
  • Poor records
  • Fertility of cows
41
Q

What do the arrows indicate in this image of a cow’s vagina?

A

Cysts / Garter’s ducts: remnants of the mesonephric ducts in the ovary

42
Q

In which cows should you not use oestradiol benzoate?

A

Lactating dairy cows

43
Q

List some bacterial causes of bovine abortion:

A
  • Brucella abortus
  • Leptospira interrogans
  • Listeria monocytogenes
  • Campylobacter fetus subsp venerealis/Trichomonas foetus
  • Escherichia coli
  • Mycoplasma
44
Q

List some viral causes of bovine abortion:

A

• Bovine viral diarrhoea virus
• Bovine herpresvirus-1 (infectious bovine
rhinotracheitis virus)
• Bluetounge virus
• Akabane virus

45
Q

List some mycotic causes of bovine abortion:

A
  • Aspergillus
  • Mortierella
  • Mucor
  • Rhizopus
  • Candida
  • Absidia
46
Q

List some protozoal causes of bovine abortion:

A
  • Neospora caninum
  • Sarcocystis
  • Toxoplasmosis
  • Theileria sp
47
Q

What are some of the potential risks for using custom collected semen compared to semen processed within a licensed breeding centre?

A

No guarantee of quality or disease status

48
Q

Outline the general steps that are undertaken when processing and freezing bovine semen:

A

Semen collection -> semen evaluation -> extended (glycerol free) -> cool slowly to 4 degrees -> Add glycerol extender and leave for 4h -> package into straws -> freeze

49
Q

What is the optimum time for insemination of cows following the onset of oestrus?

A

4 - 14hrs after the onset of oestrus

50
Q

Outline the recommended thawing technique for bovine semen:

A

A sheltered, clean, dry, warm environment away from direct sunlight.

Water bath at 32-38 degrees for 30-60s.

The interval between removing the straw from the nitrogen and AI should be less than 15 minutes.

Bovine Medicine (13 decks)

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