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Bovine Medicine > Abdomen > Flashcards

Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

What can you look for on post mortem to distinguish bloat as a cause of death from bloat after death?

A

A ‘bloat line’ on the oesophagus - congested above the diaphragm.

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2
Q

What can cause right sided pings?

A
  • Right displaced abomasum
  • Dilation and volvulus / torsion of the caecum
  • Intestinal tympany
  • Torsion of the coiled colon
  • Pneumoperitoneum, pnumorectum or a uterus distended with gad
  • Distension of the proximal colon (common)
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3
Q

What is an example of a spasmolytic drug?

A

Buscopan

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4
Q

You hear a ping in the right paralumbar fossa. Of which disease is this a salient feature?

A

Dilation, volvulus and torsion of the caecum

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5
Q

What are the clinical signs of right abomasal volvulus?

A
  • sudden onset of abdominal pain
  • rapid increase in heart rate abdomen distended on the right
  • distended abomasum palpated per rectum in the upper right quadrant
  • rectum usually empty - may contain black faeces
  • ‘pinging’ area much larger than simple RDA
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6
Q

If you find more than one animal with bloat, which type of bloat are you most likely to be dealing with?

A

Pasture / frothy bloat

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7
Q

A ping in the highlighted area is associated with what?

A

Caecal dilation

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8
Q

Large, firm, calcified masses in the omentum are caused by what?

A

Fat necrosis

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9
Q

What differential diagnoses might you have for dietary abomasal impaction?

A
  • vagus indigestion
  • twin pregnancy / hydroallantois
  • chronic peritonitis
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10
Q

How old are ‘2 tooth’ cattle?

A

18-24 months

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11
Q

How would you treat non-life-threatening frothy bloat?

A

Remove from offending pasture and drench with an antifoaming agent (alcohol ethyloxylate-based bloat drench, parrafin or vegetable oil)

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12
Q

What bacteria causes ‘woody tongue’?

A

Actinobacillus lignieressi (Gram - bacteria)

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13
Q

What is the normal position of the abomasum?

A

On the abdominal floor of the right ventral quadrant

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14
Q

What are differential diagnoses for right displaced abomasum and abomasal volvulus?

A
  • Vagus indigestion
  • Obstruction of pylorus (phytobezoar)
  • Caecal volvulus / torsion
  • Abomasal / intestinal ulceration
  • Intestinal obstruction
  • Mesenteric torsion
  • pneumoperitoneum, pneumorectum or gas distended uterus
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15
Q

When would you carry out a rumenotomy (bloat stab)?

A

Only if the animal is seriously distressed:

  • open mouth breathing
  • protrusion of tongue
  • lying down a lot
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16
Q

How much peritoneal fluid can you expect to obtain from a healthy cow?

A

1-5mL

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17
Q

What are the most common causes of ascites in cattle?

A
  • severe and protracted liver disease
  • cardiac disease
  • hypoproteinaemia
  • abdominal mesothelioma
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18
Q

You attend a cow in early lactation with moderate inappetance and decreasing milk yield. She was treated for ketosis by the farmer a few days ago. On clinical examination you find that rumen contractions are decreased and you detect a ping on the left side of the abdomen and fluid splashing sounds on auscultation / ballottment.

What is you top differential diagnosis and what are the treatment options?

A

Left displaced abomasum (LDA)

  • surgical correction by:
    • right paralumbar fossa omentopexy
    • left paralumbar fossa omentopexy
    • right paramedian abomasopexy
  • ‘rolling’ technique (+/- percutaneous tacks)
19
Q

What is the salient feature of abomasal ulceration?

A

Malena

20
Q

What is the cause of simple indigestion in cattle?

A

An upset to rumen microflora. Can be triggered by many things:

  • sudden introduction to new feed/concentrates
  • ingestion of frosted, mouldy, stale, fermenting or sour feeds
  • oral administration of antibiotics.
21
Q

How old are ‘4 tooth’ cattle?

A

>36 months

22
Q

What normally happens to gas bubbles produced in the rumen?

A

They coalesce to form pockets of free gas above the solid/fluid rumen contents. This gas can then be eructated.

23
Q

What differential diagnoses might you have for actinomycosis (lumpy jaw)?

A

Tooth root abscess

Enlarged lymph node

Neoplasia

Foreign body

Accumulation of dry feed trapped between teeth and cheek

24
Q

What are some signs of abdominal pain shown by cattle?

A
  • Bellowing
  • Frequently lying down and getting back up
  • Kicking at ventral abdomen
25
Q

What is a ‘ruminal drinker’ and what occurs?

A

Milk enters the rumen instead of the abomasum in calves. Rumen putrefaction follows - rumen pH can fall significantly producing chronic moderate rumen tympany.

26
Q

You attend a very weak, depressed dairy cow. She has had an acute, severe drop in milk production and has a distended right abdomen. The farmer reports diarrhoea with blood clots.

What are your differential diagnoses?

A

Jejunal haemorrhage syndrome

Salmonellosis

Intusussception

27
Q

What are the risk factors for LDA?

A
  • High producing, adult dairy cows
  • Most cases within 1 month of calving
  • Heavy grain feeding / low fibre in diet
28
Q

A ping over a very large area on the right side and increased heart rate combined are salient features for what?

A

Abomasal volvulus

29
Q

What is the main presenting sign of bloat?

A

Severe distension of the left paralumbar fossa following feeding.

30
Q

What is the salient feature of an intestinal phytobezoar?

A

Pasty and foul smelling yellow/grey mayoinnaise faeces

31
Q

What bacteria causes ‘lumpy jaw’?

A

Actinomyces bovis (Gram + filamentous rods)

32
Q

What is ‘red gut’ in calves?

A

Intestinal intusussception - associated with ad lib milk feeding systems (uncontrolled and excess intake)

33
Q

If you only have one animal with bloat, which type of bloat are you most likely to be dealing with?

A

Secondary / gaseous bloat

34
Q
A
35
Q

What causes primary (frothy/pasture) bloat?

A

Gas bubbles are trapped in a ‘foam’ (increased rumen fluid viscosity / fine particles of feed). Prevents eructation and leads to bloat.

36
Q

What is the treatment for actinobacillosis?

A

Sodium iodide (I/V) - can cause abortion

Use oxytetracyclines in pregnant animals

37
Q

Describe rumen contractions during pasture bloat:

A

At first they will be increased and then as the rumen is stretched you get hypomotility

38
Q

You attend a cow with a small amount of greenish rumen fluid discharging from nostrils. On rectal exam, there is not a lot of faeces present. When you remove your arm, your glove smells foul and looks like the following:

What is at the top of your differential diagnoses?

A

Intestinal phytobezoar

39
Q

What indicates poor prognosis in a case of right abomasal volvulus?

A
  • HR >120 bpm
  • >15% dehydrated
  • Abomasum is blue/black on surgery
40
Q

What supportive treatment can you provide in a case of LDA?

A
  • Oral / systemic calcium to correct hypomotility
  • Oral electrolytes of dehydrated
  • Treat concurrent ketosis - oral propylene glycol + IV dextrose
  • +/- NSAIDs for pain relief
  • Antibiotics for concurrent infection
41
Q

This is the right side of a cow. If you heard pinging over the shaded area in this diagram, what would be a likely diagnosis?

A

Right abomasal volvulus

42
Q

If you feel adhesions on rectal, what should you think of?

A

Peritonitis

43
Q

In cattle, why is localised peritonitis a more likley outcome than diffuse peritonitis?

A

Have good ability to wall off infections in the abdomen with omentum

44
Q

A png over this area is associated with what?

A

Caecal volvulus / torsion - slightly larger area than just dilation

Bovine Medicine (13 decks)

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