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Bovine Medicine > Diarrhoea > Flashcards

Diarrhoea Flashcards

1
Q

What diseases are considered ‘production diseases’?

A

Mastitis, respiratory diseases, lameness

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2
Q

List some bacterial causes of diarrhoea in cattle?

A
  • Salmonella
  • Bovine Johne’s
  • Yersinia
  • Campylobacter jujuni
  • Clostridium perfringens (Type A)

Calves:

  • E.coli
  • Salmonella
  • Clostridium difficile
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3
Q

List some viral causes of diarrhoea in cattle:

A
  • Bovine viral diarrhoea
  • Malignant catarrhal fever
  • Bovine adenovirus (emerging disease in NZ)

Calves:

  • Rotavirus
  • Coronavirus
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4
Q

List some parasitic causes of diarrhoea in cattle:

A
  • Ostertagia ostertagi
  • Cooperia
  • Haemonchus
  • Eimeria

Calves:

  • Cryptosporidium
  • Giardia
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5
Q

List some nutritional causes of diarrhoea in cattle:

A
  • Copper deficiency
  • Acute copper toxicity
  • Cobalt deficiency
  • Selenium deficiency
  • Lush, rapidly growing pasture

Calves:

  • Overfeeding
  • Indigestion
  • Poor-quality milk replacer
  • Poorly stored colostrum
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6
Q

List common toxic causes of diarrhoea in cattle:

A
  • Aresnic
  • Salt
  • Mercury
  • Nitrate/Nitrate
  • Molybdenum (secondary copper deficiency)
  • Mycotoxins
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7
Q

List some non-enteritis causes of diarrhoea in cattle:

A
  • Diseases of the forestomachs
  • Toxaemia
  • Hepatitis
  • Peritonitis
  • Congestive heart failure
  • Renal amyloidosis
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8
Q

What are important history Q’s to ask in a case of diarrhoea?

A
  • diet / ration
  • appetite
  • worming
  • vaccination status
  • introduction of new animals
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9
Q

What is the most common disease associated with acute diarrhoea in adult dairy cows?

A

Salmonellosis

(esp. Salmonella typhimurium)

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10
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of salmonella:

A

Infection by ingestion -> bacteria invade enterocytes -> colonise distal small intestine (ileum) and colon -> produce enterotoxins -> damage to villi -> inflammation and necrosis of the mucosa -> malabsorption and maldigestion

Carrier state: organisms survive in macrophages, lymph nodes, gall bladder and bile ducts

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11
Q

Why does magnesium oxide supplementation increase the risk of salmonellosis?

A

It increases the pH of the rumen (alkalinises) which allows salmonella to thrive

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12
Q

List some risk factors for salmonellosis:

A
  • overcrowding
  • parturition (lowered immunity)
  • sudden dietary changes
  • poor BCS
  • magnesium oxide supplementation
  • effluent spread on pastures
  • after major surgery
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13
Q

What is shown in this image?

A

Fibrin cast mucosa in diarrhoea

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14
Q

What is effective colostrum management?

A

Feed colostrum ASAP and vaccinate mature animals prior to calving (where possible) to increase antibody production

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15
Q

What is the predominant species causing yersiniosis?

A

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

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16
Q

Which animals are ost likely to get yersiniosis?

A

Usually yearlings - seen in the best animals in the mob

17
Q

Describe the diarrhoea seen in a case of yersiniosis:

What other disease causes similar diarrhoea?

A

Green-brown feaces (non-haemorrhagic) without a bad odour

Similar to diarrhoea seen in parasitism

18
Q

What are the presenting signs of Johne’s disease?

A
  • lowered milk production
  • chronic weight loss, despite a normal appetite
  • diarrhoea (‘hose-pipe’ in advanced disease)
19
Q

This cow has been suffering chronic weight loss, despite a normal appetite. Milk production has decreased and diarrhoea has been intermittent, though increasing in frequency over time. It now looks like this:

What is your diagnosis?

A

Bovine Jone’s Disease

20
Q

What age group is affected by enterotoxigenic e.coli (ETEC) infection?

A

Only occurs in the first 4 days after birth

21
Q

The animals in these images have high fever, profound depression and anorexia and generalised lymphadenopathy to accompany the following lesions. What is your diagnosis and how should they be treated?

A

Malignant catarrhal fever - euthanasia (no recovery)

22
Q

What age group are typically affected by coccidiosis?

A

4 weeks - 12 months

23
Q

This calf is producing profuse, dark, blood-tinged diarrhoea. The diarrhoea is malodourous and the calf has been excessively straining.

What is a likely diagnosis?

A

Coccidiosis

24
Q

What is the most common cause of calf diarrhoea in Australasia?

A

Rotavirus

25
Q
A

Bovine Medicine (13 decks)

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