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Int Spec (Ortho) > Upper Limb Anatomy > Flashcards

Upper Limb Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Name the intrinsic (scapulohumeral) muscles of the shoulder?

A

Deltoid

Teres major

Teres minor

Supraspinatus

Infraspinatus

Subscapularis

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2
Q

There are 3 further subsets of basal axillary lymph nodes, what are these called?

Which of these drains most of the lymph from the upper limb?

A

Pectoral, subscapular and humeral

Humeral

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3
Q

Name the muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm?

What nerve supplies these muscles?

A

Biceps brachii

Brachialis

Coracobrachialis

Supplied by the musculocutaneous nerve

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4
Q

Which rotator cuff muscle(s) are responsible for the first 15 degrees of abduction?

A

Supraspinatus

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5
Q

Which nerve supplies the deltoid muscle?

A

Axillary nerve

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6
Q

Name the 4 rotator cuff muscles?

A

Supraspinatus

Infraspinatus

Subscapularis

Teres minor

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7
Q

What are the roles of:

a) Coracobrachialis?
b) Brachialis?

A

a) Flexion and adduction of the arm at the shoulder
b) Flexion of the forearm at the elbow

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8
Q

How is the median nerve formed from the brachial plexus?

A

From the union of the medial and lateral cords

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9
Q

What are the roles of the teres major muscle?

What nerve supplies this muscle?

A

Adduction and medial rotation of the shoulder

Lower subscapular nerve

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10
Q

Which nerve wraps around the posterior aspect of the mid-shaft of the humerus, making it vulnerable to injury in a fracture of the mid-shaft of the humerus?

A

Radial nerve

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11
Q

Name the following boundaries of the cubital fossa:

a) Superior?
b) Lateral?
c) Medial?

A

a) A transverse line between the humeral epicondyles
b) Brachioradialis
c) Pronator teres

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12
Q

Which nerves gives sensory supply to each of the following areas of the dorsal hand:

a) The medial part of the dorsum of the hand, little finger and medial half of the ring finger?
b) The skin over the distal phalages/nail beds of the thumb, index and middle fingers?
c) The skin over the anatomical snuffbox, lateral part of the dorsum of the hand and the proximal index and middle fingers?

A

a) Ulnar nerve
b) Median nerve
c) Radial nerve

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13
Q

What are the roles of each of the following parts of the deltoid muscle:

a) Spinal?
b) Middle?
c) Clavicular?

A

a) Extension of the shoulder
b) Abduction of the shoulder beyond 15 degrees
c) Flexion of the shoulder

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14
Q

What is the role of each of the following interosseous muscles of the hand:

a) Palmar interossei?
b) Dorsal interossei?

Which nerve supplies these muscles?

A

a) Adduction of the fingers
b) Abduction of the fingers

Supplied by the ulnar nerve

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15
Q

Which nerve gives sensory supply to each of the following areas of the palmar hand:

a) The medial part of the palm, little finger and medial half of ring finger?
b) The central/lateral part of the palm, lateral half of the ring finger and the rest of the fingers?
c) The skin over the base of the thumb?

A

a) Ulnar nerve
b) Median nerve
c) Radial nerve

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16
Q

Which structures constitute the roots of the brachial plexus?

A

Anterior rami of C5-T1 spinal nerves

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17
Q

The intrinsic muscles of the hand are supplied primarily by the ulnar nerve. What are the exceptions to this?

A

The thenar muscles and the lateral 2 lumbricals

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18
Q

Name the different regions of the brachial plexus, from proximal to distal?

A

Roots

Trunks

Divisions

Cords

Nerves

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19
Q

The anterior wall of the axilla is formed mainly from which muscle?

A

Pectoralis major

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20
Q

How is the musculocutaneous nerve formed from the brachial plexus?

A

A continuation of the lateral cord

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21
Q

What is the general function of the muscles of the posterior forearm?

What nerve supplies the muscles of the posterior forearm?

A

Extension (of the wrist, fingers and thumb)

Radial nerve

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22
Q

Which structures are responsible for forming the posterior wall of the axilla?

A

Scapula

Subscapularis

Teres major

Latissimus dorsi

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23
Q

Which carpal bone is located within a tendon?

A

Pisiform bone

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24
Q

Which rotator cuff muscle(s) are responsible for medial rotation of the shoulder?

A

Subscapularis

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25
Q

Which muscle is the chief extensor of the forearm at the elbow joint?

A

Triceps brachii

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26
Q

Which muscle is characterised as a posterior forearm muscle since it is innervated by the radial nerve, but actually is found at the boundary between anterior and posterior compartments?

What is the function of this muscle?

A

Brachioradialis

Flexion of the semi-pronated forearm

27
Q

Damage to which aspect of the brachial plexus results in the formation of a claw hand?

What is usually the mechanism of injury here?

A

C8, T1

Pulling the upper limb superiorly

28
Q

The rotator cuff muscles all originate at the scapula. Where do they attach to distally?

A

Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor - the greater tubercle of the humerus

Subscapularis - the lesser tubercle of the humerus

29
Q

What are the roles of the biceps brachii?

A

Flexion of the forearm

Supination of the forearm

30
Q

What are the functions of the muscles of the anterior forearm?

What nerve supplies the majority of these muscles?

A

Flexion of the wrist, fingers and thumb

Pronation of the forearm

Median nerve

31
Q

What is the only muscle of the posterior compartment of the arm?

What is the function of this muscle compartment?

What nerve supplies this muscle compartment?

A

Triceps brachii

Extension of the arm and forearm

Radial nerve

32
Q

The majority of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm are supplied by the median nerve. What are the exceptions to this?

What are they supplied by instead?

A

Flexor carpi ulnaris and digits 4 and 5 of the flexor digitorum profundis

Ulnar nerve

33
Q

How is the ulnar nerve formed from the brachial plexus?

A

A direct continuation of the medial cord

34
Q

What are the functions of the latissimus dorsi muscle?

What nerve is it supplied by?

A

Extension, adduction and medial rotation of the shoulder (and is also a muscle of climbing)

Thoracodorsal nerve

35
Q

All three heads of the triceps muscle combine to form the triceps tendon, which inserts where?

A

The olecranon process of the ulna

36
Q

What are the roles of the levator scapulae?

What are the roles of the rhomboids?

Which nerve supplies both of these muscles?

A

To elevate and rotate the scapula

To retract and rotate the scapula

Dorsal scapular nerve

37
Q

Name the following components of the cubital fossa:

a) Superficial?
b) Deep?

A

a) Median cubital, basilic and cephalic veins
b) Median and radial nerves and axillary artery

38
Q

If the upper limb is hanging by the side in medial rotation, which aspects of the brachial plexus has been damaged?

What is usually the mechanism of injury here?

A

C5 and C6

Formation of an excessive angle between the neck and shoulder

39
Q

What is the nerve supply to each of the following muscles of the rotator cuff:

a) Supraspinatus?
b) Infraspinatus?
c) Teres minor?
d) Subscapularis?

A

a) Suprascapular nerve
b) Suprascapular nerve
c) Axillary nerve
d) Upper and lower subscapular nerves

40
Q

Name the 3 joints of the pectoral girdle?

A

Glenohumeral joint (shoulder)

Acromioclavicular joint

Sternoclavicular joint

41
Q

What type of joint is:

a) The glenohumeral joint?
b) The elbow joint?
c) The proximal and distal radio-ulnar joints?

A

a) Synovial ball and socket joint
b) Synovial hinge joint
c) Synovial pivot joint

42
Q

Which rotator cuff muscle(s) are responsible for lateral rotation of the shoulder?

A

Infraspinatus

Teres minor

43
Q

What are the roles of the lumbrical intrinsic muscles of the hand?

Describe the nerve supply to these muscles?

A

Flexion at the MCP joints and extension at the PIP joints

The medial two are supplied by the ulnar nerve and the lateral two are supplied by the median nerve

44
Q

In the inferior part of the neck, the roots of the brachial plexus unite to form 3 trunks. What are these called, and which roots form which trunk?

A

Superior trunk - formed from the union of C5 and C6 roots

Middle trunk - a continuation of the C7 root

Inferior trunk - formed from the union of C8 and T1 roots

45
Q

Give the 5 named nerves of the brachial plexus?

A

Musculocutaneous nerve

Axillary nerve

Radial nerve

Median nerve

Ulnar nerve

46
Q

Which nerve wraps around the posterior aspect of the surgical neck of the humerus, making it vulnerable to injury in shoulder dislocations or fractures of the humeral neck?

A

Axillary nerve

47
Q

Anterior divisions of the brachial plexus supply what aspect of the upper limb?

Posterior divisions of the brachial plexus supply what aspect of the upper limb?

A

Anterior (flexor) compartments

Posterior (extensor) compartments

48
Q

Which joint of the elbow is reponsible for:

a) Flexion/extension?
b) Pronation/supination?

A

a) Humero-ulnar
b) Radio-capitellar (along with distal radio-ulnar joints)

49
Q

How are the axillary and radial nerves formed from the brachial plexus?

A

The divide of the posterior cord

50
Q

The axillary vein is formed from the union of which other veins?

The axillary vein goes on to become which other vein?

A

The basilic and brachial veins

The subclavian vein

51
Q

Which structure is responsible for facilitating the movement of the supraspinatus tendon under the coracoacromial arch?

A

The subacromial bursa

52
Q

In addition to extension of the wrist, fingers and thumb, what are some other functions of muscles within the posterior forearm?

A

Abduction and adduction of the wrist

Abduction of the thumb

53
Q

What nerve provides motor supply to the trapezius muscle? Weakness of this muscle or nerve would cause what to happen?

The trapezius muscle has 3 parts, give the function of each of them:

a) Descending part?
b) Middle part?
c) Ascending part?

A

The spinal accessory nerve (CNXI) - drooping of the shoulders

a) Elevates the scapula
b) Retracts the scapula
c) Depresses the scapula

54
Q

The axillary artery branches from where?

The axillary artery becomes which other artery?

A

Subclavian artery

Brachial artery

55
Q

The following are both groups of external shoulder muscles. Name the muscles which are found in each group:

a) Superficial posterior axio-appendicular muscles?
b) Deep posterior axio-appendicular muscles?

A

a) Trapezius and latissimus dorsi
b) Rhomboids and levator scapulae

56
Q

What are the contents of the carpal tunnel?

A

The long tendons of the forearm flexor muscles and the median nerve

57
Q

Name the 3 subsets of axillary lymph nodes from inferior to superior?

Where will all lymph from the upper limb eventually end up?

A

Basal nodes drain into…

Central nodes drain into…

Apical nodes

To end up in the thoracic or right lymphatic duct

58
Q

Which muscles are responsible for each of the following movements:

a) Supination of the forearm?
b) Pronation of the forearm?

A

a) Biceps brachii and supinator muscles
b) Pronator teres and pronator quadratus

59
Q

Describe which side of the hand each of the following is found at:

a) Thenar eminence?
b) Hypothenar eminence?

A

a) Thumb (radial) side
b) Pinky (ulnar) side

60
Q

Within the axilla, the divisions of the brachial plexus divide into 3 cords. What are these called, and which divisions form which cords?

A

Lateral cord - formed from the anterior divisions of the superior and middle trunks

Medial cord - a continuation of the anterior division of the inferior trunk

Posterior cord - formed from the posterior divisions of all 3 trunks

61
Q

Describe how both the sensory and motor functions of the axillary nerve can be tested?

A

Sensory - is there sensation over the badge patch area on the lateral aspect of the arm?

Motor - do the deltoid and teres minor muscles work? can the patient abduct their arm beyond 15 degrees?

62
Q

Each trunk of the brachial plexus divides into what?

A

Anterior and posterior divisions

63
Q

Posterior dislocations of the elbow joint can result in injury to which nerve?

A

Ulnar nerve

Int Spec (Ortho) (10 decks)

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