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Int Spec (Ortho) > Lower Limb Anatomy > Flashcards

Lower Limb Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 articulations of the knee joint?

A

2 x femuro-tibial, 1 x femuro-patellar

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2
Q

Name the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Quadriceps femoris

Sartorius

Pectineus

Iliopsoas

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3
Q

The common fibular nerve divides at the fibular neck into each of the following. What do both of them supply?

a) Superficial fibular nerve?
b) Deep fibular nerve?

A

a) Motor supply to the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg, and sensory supply to the skin/fascia of the dorsum of the foot
b) Motor supply to the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg, and sensory supply to the skin of the first interdigital clef

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4
Q

Which menisci is more vulnerable to tearing in a knee injury and why?

A

The medial meniscus, since it is attached to the medial collateral ligament

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5
Q

Which nerve supplies the muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Tibial nerve

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6
Q

The ‘unhappy triad’ is a term used to describe injury to which three structures?

A

Medial meniscus

Anterior cruciate ligament

Medial collateral ligament

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7
Q

Describe the blood supply to the hip joint?

A

Retinacular branches

From the medial and lateral circumflex arteries

From the profunda femoris artery

From the femoral artery

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8
Q

Name the 3 arches of the foot?

A

Medial longitudinal arch

Lateral longitudinal arch

Transverse arch

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9
Q

The femoral sheath surrounds which structures?

What nerve branches from the femoral nerve?

A

The femoral artery and vein

The saphenous nerve

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10
Q

What are the 3 borders of the femoral triangle:

a) Superiorly?
b) Medially?
c) Laterally?

A

a) Inguinal ligament
b) Adductor longus
c) Sartorius

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11
Q

What is the role of the dorsal intrinsic muscles of the foot?

Name these two muscles?

A

Extension of the toes

Extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis brevis

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12
Q

Name the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

Adductor brevis

Adductor longus

Adductor magnus

Gracilis

Obturator externis

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13
Q

Name the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Fibularis longus

Fibularis brevis

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14
Q

Which ligament of the knee works to resist varus force, and abnormal rotation of the tibia?

A

Lateral collateral ligament

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15
Q

What is the major role of the muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?

What role does the gastrocnemius muscle have in addition to this?

A

Plantar flexion of the ankle (and toes)

Flexion of the knee

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16
Q

Which muscle is:

a) The chief flexor of the hip?
b) The chief extensor of the knee?

A

a) Iliopsoas
b) Quadriceps femoris

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17
Q

Describe the contents of the femoral triangle from lateral to medial?

A

Femoral nerve

Femoral artery

Femoral vein

Femoral canal (containing deep inguinal lymph nodes and adipose tissue)

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18
Q

Where can the dorsalis pedis pulse be felt?

What does the dorsalis pedis branch to give?

A

Lateral to the extensor hallucis longus tendon

The arcuate branches which supply the dorsum of the foot

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19
Q

Name the muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Long head and short head of the biceps femoris

Semitendinosus

Semimembranosus

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20
Q

The main role of the muscles of the medial thigh is hip adduction, with the exception of obturator externis- what is its role?

Which muscle of the medial thigh also has a role in knee flexion?

A

External rotation of the hip

Gracilis

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21
Q

What is the major role of the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg?

Which nerve supplies the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Eversion of the ankle

Superficial fibular nerve

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22
Q

On which side of the knee joint do each of the following abnormalities of alignment put extra stress upon:

a) Genu varum?
b) Genu valgum?

A

a) Medial
b) Lateral

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23
Q

Name the deep gluteal muscles?

A

Piriformis

Inferior and superior gemelli

Obturator internis

Quadratus femoris

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24
Q

With regards to the dorsum of the foot, which nerve provides sensory supply to the following areas:

a) The majority of the dorsal aspect of the foot?
b) The first interdigital cleft?
c) The proximal lateral border?
d) The proximal medial border?

A

a) Superficial fibular nerve
b) Deep fibular nerve
c) Sural nerve
d) Saphenous nerve

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25
Q

Which bones make up each of the following:

a) Hindfoot?
b) Midfoot?
c) Forefoot?

A

a) Talus and calcaneus
b) Navicular, cuboid and cuneiforms
c) Metatarsals and phalanges

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26
Q

Name the deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Popliteus

Tibialis posterior

Flexor hallucis longus

Flexor digitorum longus

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27
Q

How many instrinsic muscles are found in the foot?

How many are found on the:

a) Plantar aspect?
b) Dorsal aspect?
c) Intermediate aspect?

A

20 intrinsic muscles of the foot

a) 14
b) 2
c) 4

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28
Q

What is meant by the following two terms:

a) Genu varum?
b) Genu valgum?

A

a) Bow legged
b) Knock kneed

29
Q

Which nerve provides motor supply to the majority of the intrinsic muscles of the foot?

What is the exception to this?

A

Tibial nerve (as medial and lateral plantar nerves)

The dorsal intrinsic muscles (extensor hallucis brevis and extensor digitorum brevis) are supplied by the deep fibular nerve

30
Q

The medial and lateral plantar arteries branch from where?

A

Posterior tibial artery

31
Q

What type of cartilage:

a) Covers the articular surface of the knee?
b) Forms the menisci of the knee?

A

a) Hyaline
b) Fibrocartilagenous

32
Q

Patients will not be able to straight leg raise on examination if they have damage to:

a) Which muscles?
b) Which nerve?

A

a) Quadriceps muscles
b) Femoral nerve

33
Q

Damage to which muscles or which nerves can lead to a positive Trendelenberg test?

A

Gluteus minimus/medius

Superior gluteal nerve

34
Q

Which ligament of the knee works to resist valgus force?

A

Medial collateral ligament

35
Q

The adductor hiatus is found within which muscle?

Which structures pass through here?

A

Adductor magnus

Femoral artery, femoral vein and saphenous vein

36
Q

With regards to the plantar aspect of the foot, which nerve provides sensory supply to each of the following areas:

a) The lateral aspect?
b) The medial aspect?
c) The heel?
d) The proximal lateral border?
e) The proximal medial border?

A

a) Lateral plantar nerve (from tibial nerve)
b) Medial plantar nerve (from tibial nerve)
c) Calcaneal branches of the tibial and sural nerves
d) Sural nerve
e) Saphenous nerve

37
Q

The dorsal venous arch gives rise to which veins?

A

The great and small saphenous veins

38
Q

Name the superficial gluteal muscles?

A

Gluteus maximus

Gluteus medius

Gluteus minimus

39
Q

What is the major role of the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

Adduction of the hip

40
Q

Describe the nerve supply to the superficial gluteal muscles?

A

The gluteus maximus is supplied by the inferior gluteal nerve, while the minimus and medius are supplied by the superior gluteal nerve

41
Q

Which nerve supplies the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Deep fibular nerve

42
Q

What role do all of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg have in common?

What extra role does each of the following have:

a) Tibialis anterior?
b) Extensor hallucis longus?
c) Extensor digitorum longus?
d) Fibularis tertius?

A

Dorsiflexion of the ankle

a) Inversion of the ankle
b) Dorsiflexion of the great toe
c) Dorsiflexion of the lateral 4 digits
d) Eversion of the ankle

43
Q

What are the functions of the anterior cruciate ligament?

How can the function of the ACL be tested?

A

To prevent anterior displacement of the tibia on the femur, and to prevent hyperextension of the knee, and prevent abnormal internal rotation of the tibia

Anterior drawer test

44
Q

What are the major roles of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Hip flexion

Knee extension

45
Q

The adductor magnus muscle works to adduct the hip. What is the additional role of:

a) The adductor part?
b) The hamstring part?

A

a) Adductor flexes the hip
b) Hamstring extends the hip

46
Q

The dorsalis pedis artery is a branch of which artery?

A

Anterior tibial artery

47
Q

Where do all of the superficial muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg attach to distally?

A

The calcineus via the Achilles (calcineal) tendon

48
Q

The interosseous muscles of the foot mainly produce which action?

In addition to this, what do each of the muscles also do:

a) Plantar interossei?
b) Dorsal interossei?

A

Flexion of the toes

a) Adduction of the toes
b) Abduction of the toes

49
Q

Name the key features which distinguish a muscle as being a hamstring?

A

Originate from the ischial tuberosity and insert onto one of the bones of the leg

Innervated by the tibial nerve

Span and act on both the hip and the knee joint

50
Q

What are the functions of the menisci of the knee?

A

Assist stabilisation of the joint

Act as shock absorbers

Help to distribute load evenly

51
Q

Name the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Tibialis anterior

Extensor hallucis longus

Extensor digitorum longus

Fibularis tertius

52
Q

What are the major roles of the hamstring muscles of the posterior thigh?

A

Extension of the hip

Flexion of the knee

53
Q

Which nerve supplies the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh?

What is the exception to this?

A

Obturator nerve (L2-4)

The hamstring part of the adductor magnus is supplied by the tibial nerve

54
Q

What is the role of:

a) Gluteus maximus?
b) Gluteus medius and minimus?

A

a) Extension of the hip
b) Abduction and internal rotation of the hip

55
Q

Which nerve supplies the muscles of the anterior thigh?

What is the exception to this?

A

Femoral nerve (L2-4)

The iliopsoas is supplied by anterior rami of spinal nerves L1-3

56
Q

What is the role of the popliteus muscle?

A

Acts to unlock the fully extended knee joint

57
Q

What are the major roles of the deep gluteal muscles?

A

External rotation of the hip

Stabilisation of the hip joint

58
Q

Name the superficial muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Gastrocnemius

Soleus

Plantaris

59
Q

Where does the popliteal artery branch from?

What does the popliteal artery branch into?

The popliteal vein is a continuation of which vein?

Where does the popliteal vein drain into?

Which other vein drains into the popliteal vein?

A

Femoral artery

Anterior and posterior tibial arteries

Posterior tibial vein

Femoral vein

Small saphenous vein

60
Q

Where will all lymph from the lower limb end up?

A

External iliac lymph nodes

(after passing through either the superficial or deep inguinal nodes)

61
Q

Which structure in the knee is an extension of the synovial cavity which acts to reduce friction on the quadriceps tendon during movement?

A

Suprapatellar bursa

62
Q

On average, what is our normal tibiofemoral angle (anatomical axis) to allow the centres of the hip, knee and ankle to perfectly align?

A

6 degrees of valgus

63
Q

What are the functions of the posterior cruciate ligament?

How can the function of the PCL be tested?

A

To prevent posterior displacement of the tibia on the femur, and prevent hyperflexion of the knee

Posterior drawer test

64
Q

What type of joint is:

a) The hip joint?
b) The knee joint?

A

a) Synovial ball and socket joint
b) Synovial hinge joint

65
Q

The popliteal fossa contains a major neurovascular bundle. What is contained in it?

A

Tibial nerve

Popliteal artery

Popliteal vein

Popliteal lymph nodes

66
Q

Which muscle of the posterior thigh is not a hamstring and why?

A

The short head of biceps femoris, since it:

Is supplied by the common fibular nerve

Does not originate at the ischial tuberosity

Does not cross the hip joint to contribute to its movement

67
Q

What is the role of the tibialis posterior and tibialis anterior combined?

A

Inversion of the ankle

68
Q

Which is the stronger of the two cruciate ligaments?

A

Posterior cruciate ligament

Int Spec (Ortho) (10 decks)

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