Upper Limb Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
What is the anterior wall of the axilla formed by?
A
Pectoralis major, pectoralis minor and subclavius muscle
2
Q
What is the posterior wall of the axilla formed by?
A
Teres Major, subscapulari, and latissimus dorsi
3
Q
What is the medial wall of the axilla formed by?
A
Thoracic wall and serratus anterior
4
Q
What is the lateral wall of the axilla formed by?
A
Intertubercular groove of the humerus
5
Q
What is the axillary artery a continuation of which artery?
A
Subclavian artery
6
Q
Where does the axillary artery begin?
A
Lateral margin of the first rib
7
Q
How does the axillary artery continue beyond the axilla?
A
As the brachial artery
8
Q
Where does the axillary artery continue as the brachial artery ?
A
The lower margin of the teres major
9
Q
What are the roots of the brachial plexus?
A
C5-T1
10
Q
What nerve roots form the upper trunk?
A
c5 and c6
11
Q
What is Erb’s point?
A
The point at which 6 nerves meet
12
Q
What are the segmental roots of the lower trunk of the brachial plexus?
A
C8-T1
13
Q
Name the branches of the lateral cord of the brachial plexus?
A
Lateral pectoral, lateral root of median nerve and the musculocutaneous nerve
14
Q
What are the branches of the medial cord of the brachial plexus?
A
Medial pectoral, medial root of median nerve, ulnar nerve, medial cutaneous nerve of arm and forearm
15
Q
What are the branches of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus?
A
Thoracodorsal nerve, axillary nerve, radial nerve, upper and lower subscapular nerve
16
Q
Where does the cephalic vein arise?
A
The lateral end of the dorsal venous arch
17
Q
Where does the basilic vein arise?
A
The medial end of the dorsal venous arch
18
Q
What is the function of the median cubital vein?
A
A large communicating vein which shunts blood from the cephalic vein to the basilic vein
19
Q
Where do all lymphatic vessels from the upper limb drain into?
A
Axillary nodes
20
Q
Label the diagram
A
- Acromion
- Suprascapular Notch
- Superior Notch
- Superior Angle
- Subscapular Fossa
- Medial Border
- Inferior Angle
- Lateral Border
- Glenoid Cavity
- Supraspinous Fossa
- Spine
- Infraspinous Fossa
- Suprascapular Notch
- Coracoid Process
- Acromion
- Lateral Angle
- Lateral Border
21
Q
What kind of joint is the acromioclavicular joint?
A
Synovial Plane
22
Q
What kind of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?
A
Synovial Saddle
23
Q
Name 1,2,3 and 4
A
- Levator Scapulae
- Rhomboid Minor
- Rhomboid Major
- Serratus Anterior
24
Q
What muscles cause scapular elevation?
A
Upper trapezius, levator scapulae and rhomboids
25
What muscles cause depression of the scapula?
Lower trapezius, pectoralis minor and lower serratus anterior
26
What muscles cause the protraction of the scapula?
serratus anterior
27
What muscles cause the retraction of the scapula?
Trapezius (middle fibres) and the Rhomboids
28
What muscles cause the lateral rotation of the scapula?
Upper and middle trapezius, serratus anterior
29
What causes the medial rotation of the scapula?
Gravity, levator scapulae, rhomboids and pectoralis minor
30
What kind of joint is the gleno-humeral joint?
Synovial ball and socket
Ball - head of humerus
Socket - glenoid cavity
31
What is the function of the ligament of the shoulder joint?
To strengthen and ease movements at the joint
32
What is the function of the coracohumeral ligament ?
To strengthen the superior aspect of the joint capsule
33
What is the coraco-acromial arch made up of?
The acromion and coracoid process of scapula and acromioclavicluar ligament
34
What part of the shoulder joint capsule is the weakest?
Anterior to attachment of the long head of the tricep and ingraglenoid tubercle
35
What bursa commuicates with the shoulder joint cavity?
Subscapular Area
36
Label each bursa
Red- Subcoracoid Bursa
Yellow - Subacromial Bursa
Green - Subscapula Bursa
37
What is the role of the subacromial bursa?
To decrease friction beneath the deltoid which causes free motion of the rotator cuff
38
Name the four rotator cuff muscles ?
Red - Supraspinatus
Green - Infraspinatus
Orange - Teres Minor
Blue - Subscapularis
39
What do the middle fibres of the deltoid do?
Abduction at the shoulder joint
40
What movements of the glenohumeral joint are generated by the rotator cuff muscles?
Elevation, rotation, extension, depression
41
What do the anterior fibres of the deltoid do?
Flexion and medial rotation at the shoulder joint
42
What do posterior fibres of the deltoid do?
Extension amd lateral rotation at the shoulder joint
43
What supplies the deltoid?
The axillary nerve
44
Where do fibres of the pectoralis major originate?
Medial third of the clavicle, sternum and the ribs
45
What is the action of the pectoralis major on the shoulder joint?
Adduct and medially rotate the humerus at the GH joint
46
What is the nerve supply of the serratus anterior ?
The long thoracic nerve
47
What is the function of the serratus anterior?
Stabilise the scapula during limb movements and keep it pulled against the thoracic cage
48
When does winging of the scapula occur?
When there is damage to the long thoracic nerve
49
What do superior fibres of the the trapezius do?
Elevatesand rotates the scapula
50
What do middle fibres of the trapezius do?
Retract the scapula
51
What do inferior fibres of the trapezius do?
Depress the scapula
52
What cranial nerve innervates the trapezius?
CNXI
53
What is the action of the teres major on the shoulder joint?
Adducts at humerus and medially rotates arm
54
What is the action of the lattismus dorsi on the shoulder joint?
Extends, adducts and medially rotates the upper limb
55
What muscles allow for shoulder flexion?
Deltoid, Pectoralis Major, Coracobrachialis
56
What muscles control shoulder extension?
Latissimus Dorsi, Teres Major, Minor and Posterior Deltoid
57
What muscles control shoulder adduction?
Pectoralis major
Lattisimus Dorsi
Coracobrachialis
58
What muscles cause abduction of the shoulder?
Middle part of the deltoid
59
What muscles cause medial rotation?
Subscapularis, Lattisimus Dorsi, Pectoralis Major, Teres Major
60
What muscles causes lateral rotation of the scapula?
Teres Minor and Infraspinatus
61
What is the most anterior muscle of the anterior arm?
Biceps brachii
62
Where does the biceps brachii arise from?
The Scapula
63
Where do both heads of the biceps brachii unite?
The distal third of the upper arm
64
What head of the biceps brachii arises from the coracoid process along with the coracobrachialis?
short head
65
Which head of the biceps arises from the supraglenoid tubercle and runs in the bicipital groove of humerus ?
Long Head
66
To which bony process of the radius does the biceps attach to distally?
Radial tuberosity
67
What is the action of the biceps of the shoulder and elbow joint?
Flexes both joints
68
What is the action of the biceps on the superior radio-ulnar joint?
Supinates the forearm
69
What nerve supplies the biceps brachii?
Musculocutaneous nerve
70
Where does the coracobrachialis arise ?
The tip of the coaracoid porcess to which it inserts into the medial margin of the humerus
71
What is the action of the coracobrachialis on the shoulder ?
Flexion
72
What nerve supplies the brachialis muscle ?
Musculocutaneous nerve with help of radial nerve
73
Which cord of the brachial plexus does the musculocutaneous nerve arise from?
The lateral cord of the brachial plexus
74
What is the segmental value of the musculocutaneous nerve?
C5-C7
75
Where does the musculocutaneous nerve provide cutaneous sensation?
Lateral aspect of the forearm
76
Where does the brachial artery begin?
Begins at the lower border of the teres major and ends in the cubital fossa next to the neck of the radius
77
From which cord in the brachial plexus does the ulnar nerve arise?
Medial cord
78
From which cord of the brachial plexus does the median nerve arise from?
medial and lateral cord
79
Where does the ulnar nerve run ?
Medial head of the triceps
80
What is the cubital fossa?
A triangular depression in the front of the arm which contains the radial and median nerve, biceps tendon, brachial artery and deep veins
81
What forms the:
* base of the cubital fossa
* medial border of the cubital fossa
* lateral border of the cubital fossa
Base - imaginary line between two epicondyles
Medial Border - pronator teres
Lateral Border - brachioradialis
82
Where does the common tendon of the triceps insert?
The olecranon process of the ulna
83
What bone is the olecranon process and coronoid process part of?
Ulnar bone
84
What is the main action of the triceps on the elbow joint?
Extension
85
What is the action of the aconeus muscle on the elbow joint?
Forearm extension and stabilisation
86
What nerve supplies the triceps and aconeus?
Radial Nerve
87
What does the radial nerve innervate?
The extensor muscles of the elbow and wrist joint
88
What is the segmental root of the radial nerve?
C5-T1
89
Which branch of the brachial artery accopanies the radial nerve in the radial groove?
Profunda Brachii
90
What kind of joint is the radio-ulnar joint?
A synovial hinge joint
91
What movements occur at the elbow joint?
Flexion and Extension
92
Which ligament holds the head of the radius ?
Annular Ligament
93
What three muscles flex the elbow?
Brachialis, biceps brachii, brachioradialis
94
What muscles extend the elbow joint?
Triceps Brachii and Aconeus
95
What is a, b, c, d?
A - Proximal
B - Annular
C- Head of the Radius
D - Distal
96
What muscles control supination?
Supinator, Biceps Brachii
97
What muscles cause pronation?
Pronator teres, Pronator Quadratus
98
What are the actions of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm?
Flexion of wrist and pronation of forearm
99
What muscles lie in the superficial group of the anterior forearm?
Pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus and the flexor carpi ulnaris
100
What is the action of the pronator teres?
Pronation of forearm and flexion
101
What innervates the pronator teres?
The median nerve
102
What is the action of the flexor carpi ulnaris?
Flexion of hand at wrist joint, adduction at wrist
103
What is the action of the flexor carpi radialis?
Flexion of hand at wrist joint and abduction of wrist
104
What is the action of the palmoris longus?
Flexion at wrist joint
105
What innervates the flexor carpi ulnaris?
ULNAR NERVE
106
What is the action of the brachioradialis?
Flexion at Elbow
107
What innervates the brachioradialis?
The radial nerve
108
To which digits is the Flexor Digitorum Superficialis attached?
Index, Long, Ring and Little finger
109
On which phalanx is the FDS inserted
Middle Phalanx
110
What is the action of the Flexor Digitorum Superficialis ?
To flex wrist, metacarpopharyngeal and interphalangeal joints
111
What innervates the Flexor Digitorum Superficialis?
Median Nerve
112
What is the action of the FDP?
Flexes wrist joint and distal interphalangeal joints of digits 2,3,4,5
113
Which part of the FDP is supplied by the ulnar nerve?
Medial part
- flexes digits 4 and 5
114
Which part of the FDP is innervated by the median nerve?
Lateral part
- flexes digits 2 and 3
115
What is the action of the flexor pollicis longus?
Flexes thumb
116
What innervates the flexor pollicis longus?
Anterior interosseus nerve
117
Where does the pronator quadratus originate?
The ulna
118
What is the action of the pronator quadratus?
Pronates forearm
119
What is the innervation of the pronator quadratus?
Anterior interosseus nerve
120
What is the relationship between the median nerve and the brachial artery?
The nerve is medial to the artery
121
What does the median nerve NOT innervate in the anterior forearm?
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris and medial half of Flexor Digitorum Profunda
122
How does the median nerve enter the hand?
Below the flexor retinaculum via the carpal tunnel
123
How does the ulnar nerve pass into the forearm?
Bypassing between the heads of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle
124
What is the relationship between the ulnar nerve and the ulnar artery?
Nerve is medial to artery
125
What are the two terminal branches of the brachial artery?
The radial and ulnar artery
126
Where does the brachial artery divide into its terminal branches?
The neck of the radius
127
Where us the carpal tunnel situated?
Between the trapezium and scaphoid on lateral side
Between pisiform and hammate on the medial side
128
What are the contents of the carpal tunnel?
Median nerve, 4 tendons of the FDS, 4 tendons of the FDP and the tendon of the flexor pollicus longus
129
Which muscle of the forearm is continous with the palmar fascia?
Palmaris longus
130
What are the thenar muscles ?
Abductor pollicus brevis
Flexor pollicus brevis
Opponens pollicis
131
What nerve innervates the thenar muscles?
The median nerve
132
Name the hypothenar muscles?
Abductor digiti minimi
Flexor digiti minimi
Opponens digiti minimi
133
What nerve innervates the hypothenar eminences?
Ulnar nerve
134
Name the two heads of the abductor pollicis?
Transverse head
Oblique head
135
What nerve innervates the abductor pollicis?
Ulnar nerve
136
What action is the adductor pollicis on the thumb?
Adduction
137
What forms the central compartment of the hand?
The lumbricals
138
From which tendon do the lumbricals originate?
The tendon of the flexor digitorum profundus
139
What is the action of the lumbrical muscles?
Flexion of fingers at the MCP joints and simulateneous extension at the IP joints of digits 2-5
140
What are the medial two lumbricals innervated by?
Ulnar Nerve
141
What are the lateral two lumbricals innervated by?
The median nerve
142
Where are interossei located?
Between the metacarpal bones - 4 dorsal, 3 palmar
143
What is the action of the dorsal interossei?
Abduction of the fingers
144
What is the action of the palmar interossei?
Adduction
145
What nerve innervates the dorsal and palmar interossei?
Ulnar nerve
146
What artery is the main contributor to the superficial arch?
Ulnar artery
147
What artery is the main contributor to the deep palmar arch?
Radial artery
148
What nerve does not supply any muscles in the hand?
The radial nerve
149
Where does the median nerve enter the hand?
The carpal tunnel
150
What does the ulnar nerve not supply?
The thenar muscles and the first and second lumbricals
151
What kind of joint is the wrist joint?
Synovial ellipsoid joint
152
What part of the bone forms the proximal part of the wrist joint?
The distal end of radius and the articular disc
153
What bones form the distal part of the wrist joint?
The lunate and scaphoid
154
What actions occur at the wrist joint?
Flexion, extension, circumduction
155
What is the action of the most anterior compartment of muscles of the forearm on the wrist?
Flexion
156
What is the action of the extensor and flexor carpi ulnaris muscle on the wrist joint?
Act as adductors or cause ulnar deviation
157
What muscles act as abductors of the wrist joint?
Flexor carpi radialis, extensor carpi radialis and brevis
158
what is the action of the posterior compartment muscles of the forearm on the wrist?
Extension
159
What is the action of the extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis on the wrist joint?
Extension and abduction
160
What muscles extend the medial four digits?
Extensor digitorum, extensor indicis and extensor digiti minimi
161
Where is the origin of the extensor digitorum?
Lateral epicondyle
162
Name the muscles which extend or abduct the thumb?
Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis
Extensor pollicis longus
163
Which nerve innervates all the posterior compartment of the forearm?
Radial nerve
164
What is the innervation and action of the extensor digitorum?
Posterior interosseus nerve
Extend medial 4 digits at the MCP joint
165
What is the innervation and action of the extensor carpi radialis longus?
Radial nerve
Extend and abduct wrist joint
166
What is the innervation and action of the extensor carpi radialis brevis?
Deep branch of the radial nerve
Extend and abduct the wrist joint
167
What is the innervation and action of the brachioradialis?
Radial nerve
Weak flexion of elbow joint
168
What is the innervation and action of the extensor carpi ulnaris?
Posterior interosseus nerve
169
What is the innervation and action of the supinator?
Deep branch of the radial nerve
Supinates forearm
170
What is the innervation and action of the Extensor Digiti Minimi?
Posterior interosseus nerve
Extends the 5th finger at the MP joint
171
What is the anatomical pathaway of the supinator?
Envelopes the neck and proximal part of the shaft of the radius, covering it completely except on its radial side
172
Which muscles act on the thumb?
APL, EPB, EPL
173
What is the anatomical snuffbox?
A shallow depression on the lateral aspect of the wrist when the thumb is fully extended
174
What artery lies on the floor of the anatomical snuffbox?
The radial artery
175
Which nerve innervates the EPL, EPB and APL of the thumb?
Radial nerve
176
What is the action of the EPL on the thumb?
Extension at MCP and ICP
177
What is the action of the EPB on the thumb?
Extension of the thumb at MCP and CMC joint
178
What is the action of the APL at the thumb?
Abduction and extension of the thumb
179
