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Musculoskeletal > Upper Limb Anatomy > Flashcards

Upper Limb Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the anterior wall of the axilla formed by?

A

Pectoralis major, pectoralis minor and subclavius muscle

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2
Q

What is the posterior wall of the axilla formed by?

A

Teres Major, subscapulari, and latissimus dorsi

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3
Q

What is the medial wall of the axilla formed by?

A

Thoracic wall and serratus anterior

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4
Q

What is the lateral wall of the axilla formed by?

A

Intertubercular groove of the humerus

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5
Q

What is the axillary artery a continuation of which artery?

A

Subclavian artery

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6
Q

Where does the axillary artery begin?

A

Lateral margin of the first rib

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7
Q

How does the axillary artery continue beyond the axilla?

A

As the brachial artery

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8
Q

Where does the axillary artery continue as the brachial artery ?

A

The lower margin of the teres major

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9
Q

What are the roots of the brachial plexus?

A

C5-T1

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10
Q

What nerve roots form the upper trunk?

A

c5 and c6

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11
Q

What is Erb’s point?

A

The point at which 6 nerves meet

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12
Q

What are the segmental roots of the lower trunk of the brachial plexus?

A

C8-T1

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13
Q

Name the branches of the lateral cord of the brachial plexus?

A

Lateral pectoral, lateral root of median nerve and the musculocutaneous nerve

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14
Q

What are the branches of the medial cord of the brachial plexus?

A

Medial pectoral, medial root of median nerve, ulnar nerve, medial cutaneous nerve of arm and forearm

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15
Q

What are the branches of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus?

A

Thoracodorsal nerve, axillary nerve, radial nerve, upper and lower subscapular nerve

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16
Q

Where does the cephalic vein arise?

A

The lateral end of the dorsal venous arch

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17
Q

Where does the basilic vein arise?

A

The medial end of the dorsal venous arch

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18
Q

What is the function of the median cubital vein?

A

A large communicating vein which shunts blood from the cephalic vein to the basilic vein

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19
Q

Where do all lymphatic vessels from the upper limb drain into?

A

Axillary nodes

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20
Q

Label the diagram

A
  1. Acromion
  2. Suprascapular Notch
  3. Superior Notch
  4. Superior Angle
  5. Subscapular Fossa
  6. Medial Border
  7. Inferior Angle
  8. Lateral Border
  9. Glenoid Cavity
  10. Supraspinous Fossa
  11. Spine
  12. Infraspinous Fossa
  13. Suprascapular Notch
  14. Coracoid Process
  15. Acromion
  16. Lateral Angle
  17. Lateral Border
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21
Q

What kind of joint is the acromioclavicular joint?

A

Synovial Plane

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22
Q

What kind of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Synovial Saddle

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23
Q

Name 1,2,3 and 4

A
  1. Levator Scapulae
  2. Rhomboid Minor
  3. Rhomboid Major
  4. Serratus Anterior
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24
Q

What muscles cause scapular elevation?

A

Upper trapezius, levator scapulae and rhomboids

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25
Q

What muscles cause depression of the scapula?

A

Lower trapezius, pectoralis minor and lower serratus anterior

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26
Q

What muscles cause the protraction of the scapula?

A

serratus anterior

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27
Q

What muscles cause the retraction of the scapula?

A

Trapezius (middle fibres) and the Rhomboids

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28
Q

What muscles cause the lateral rotation of the scapula?

A

Upper and middle trapezius, serratus anterior

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29
Q

What causes the medial rotation of the scapula?

A

Gravity, levator scapulae, rhomboids and pectoralis minor

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30
Q

What kind of joint is the gleno-humeral joint?

A

Synovial ball and socket

Ball - head of humerus

Socket - glenoid cavity

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31
Q

What is the function of the ligament of the shoulder joint?

A

To strengthen and ease movements at the joint

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32
Q

What is the function of the coracohumeral ligament ?

A

To strengthen the superior aspect of the joint capsule

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33
Q

What is the coraco-acromial arch made up of?

A

The acromion and coracoid process of scapula and acromioclavicluar ligament

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34
Q

What part of the shoulder joint capsule is the weakest?

A

Anterior to attachment of the long head of the tricep and ingraglenoid tubercle

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35
Q

What bursa commuicates with the shoulder joint cavity?

A

Subscapular Area

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36
Q

Label each bursa

A

Red- Subcoracoid Bursa

Yellow - Subacromial Bursa

Green - Subscapula Bursa

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37
Q

What is the role of the subacromial bursa?

A

To decrease friction beneath the deltoid which causes free motion of the rotator cuff

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38
Q

Name the four rotator cuff muscles ?

A

Red - Supraspinatus

Green - Infraspinatus

Orange - Teres Minor

Blue - Subscapularis

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39
Q

What do the middle fibres of the deltoid do?

A

Abduction at the shoulder joint

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40
Q

What movements of the glenohumeral joint are generated by the rotator cuff muscles?

A

Elevation, rotation, extension, depression

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41
Q

What do the anterior fibres of the deltoid do?

A

Flexion and medial rotation at the shoulder joint

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42
Q

What do posterior fibres of the deltoid do?

A

Extension amd lateral rotation at the shoulder joint

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43
Q

What supplies the deltoid?

A

The axillary nerve

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44
Q

Where do fibres of the pectoralis major originate?

A

Medial third of the clavicle, sternum and the ribs

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45
Q

What is the action of the pectoralis major on the shoulder joint?

A

Adduct and medially rotate the humerus at the GH joint

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46
Q

What is the nerve supply of the serratus anterior ?

A

The long thoracic nerve

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47
Q

What is the function of the serratus anterior?

A

Stabilise the scapula during limb movements and keep it pulled against the thoracic cage

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48
Q

When does winging of the scapula occur?

A

When there is damage to the long thoracic nerve

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49
Q

What do superior fibres of the the trapezius do?

A

Elevatesand rotates the scapula

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50
Q

What do middle fibres of the trapezius do?

A

Retract the scapula

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51
Q

What do inferior fibres of the trapezius do?

A

Depress the scapula

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52
Q

What cranial nerve innervates the trapezius?

A

CNXI

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53
Q

What is the action of the teres major on the shoulder joint?

A

Adducts at humerus and medially rotates arm

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54
Q

What is the action of the lattismus dorsi on the shoulder joint?

A

Extends, adducts and medially rotates the upper limb

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55
Q

What muscles allow for shoulder flexion?

A

Deltoid, Pectoralis Major, Coracobrachialis

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56
Q

What muscles control shoulder extension?

A

Latissimus Dorsi, Teres Major, Minor and Posterior Deltoid

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57
Q

What muscles control shoulder adduction?

A

Pectoralis major

Lattisimus Dorsi

Coracobrachialis

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58
Q

What muscles cause abduction of the shoulder?

A

Middle part of the deltoid

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59
Q

What muscles cause medial rotation?

A

Subscapularis, Lattisimus Dorsi, Pectoralis Major, Teres Major

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60
Q

What muscles causes lateral rotation of the scapula?

A

Teres Minor and Infraspinatus

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61
Q

What is the most anterior muscle of the anterior arm?

A

Biceps brachii

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62
Q

Where does the biceps brachii arise from?

A

The Scapula

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63
Q

Where do both heads of the biceps brachii unite?

A

The distal third of the upper arm

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64
Q

What head of the biceps brachii arises from the coracoid process along with the coracobrachialis?

A

short head

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65
Q

Which head of the biceps arises from the supraglenoid tubercle and runs in the bicipital groove of humerus ?

A

Long Head

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66
Q

To which bony process of the radius does the biceps attach to distally?

A

Radial tuberosity

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67
Q

What is the action of the biceps of the shoulder and elbow joint?

A

Flexes both joints

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68
Q

What is the action of the biceps on the superior radio-ulnar joint?

A

Supinates the forearm

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69
Q

What nerve supplies the biceps brachii?

A

Musculocutaneous nerve

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70
Q

Where does the coracobrachialis arise ?

A

The tip of the coaracoid porcess to which it inserts into the medial margin of the humerus

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71
Q

What is the action of the coracobrachialis on the shoulder ?

A

Flexion

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72
Q

What nerve supplies the brachialis muscle ?

A

Musculocutaneous nerve with help of radial nerve

73
Q

Which cord of the brachial plexus does the musculocutaneous nerve arise from?

A

The lateral cord of the brachial plexus

74
Q

What is the segmental value of the musculocutaneous nerve?

A

C5-C7

75
Q

Where does the musculocutaneous nerve provide cutaneous sensation?

A

Lateral aspect of the forearm

76
Q

Where does the brachial artery begin?

A

Begins at the lower border of the teres major and ends in the cubital fossa next to the neck of the radius

77
Q

From which cord in the brachial plexus does the ulnar nerve arise?

A

Medial cord

78
Q

From which cord of the brachial plexus does the median nerve arise from?

A

medial and lateral cord

79
Q

Where does the ulnar nerve run ?

A

Medial head of the triceps

80
Q

What is the cubital fossa?

A

A triangular depression in the front of the arm which contains the radial and median nerve, biceps tendon, brachial artery and deep veins

81
Q

What forms the:

  • base of the cubital fossa
  • medial border of the cubital fossa
  • lateral border of the cubital fossa
A

Base - imaginary line between two epicondyles

Medial Border - pronator teres

Lateral Border - brachioradialis

82
Q

Where does the common tendon of the triceps insert?

A

The olecranon process of the ulna

83
Q

What bone is the olecranon process and coronoid process part of?

A

Ulnar bone

84
Q

What is the main action of the triceps on the elbow joint?

A

Extension

85
Q

What is the action of the aconeus muscle on the elbow joint?

A

Forearm extension and stabilisation

86
Q

What nerve supplies the triceps and aconeus?

A

Radial Nerve

87
Q

What does the radial nerve innervate?

A

The extensor muscles of the elbow and wrist joint

88
Q

What is the segmental root of the radial nerve?

A

C5-T1

89
Q

Which branch of the brachial artery accopanies the radial nerve in the radial groove?

A

Profunda Brachii

90
Q

What kind of joint is the radio-ulnar joint?

A

A synovial hinge joint

91
Q

What movements occur at the elbow joint?

A

Flexion and Extension

92
Q

Which ligament holds the head of the radius ?

A

Annular Ligament

93
Q

What three muscles flex the elbow?

A

Brachialis, biceps brachii, brachioradialis

94
Q

What muscles extend the elbow joint?

A

Triceps Brachii and Aconeus

95
Q

What is a, b, c, d?

A

A - Proximal

B - Annular

C- Head of the Radius

D - Distal

96
Q

What muscles control supination?

A

Supinator, Biceps Brachii

97
Q

What muscles cause pronation?

A

Pronator teres, Pronator Quadratus

98
Q

What are the actions of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

Flexion of wrist and pronation of forearm

99
Q

What muscles lie in the superficial group of the anterior forearm?

A

Pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus and the flexor carpi ulnaris

100
Q

What is the action of the pronator teres?

A

Pronation of forearm and flexion

101
Q

What innervates the pronator teres?

A

The median nerve

102
Q

What is the action of the flexor carpi ulnaris?

A

Flexion of hand at wrist joint, adduction at wrist

103
Q

What is the action of the flexor carpi radialis?

A

Flexion of hand at wrist joint and abduction of wrist

104
Q

What is the action of the palmoris longus?

A

Flexion at wrist joint

105
Q

What innervates the flexor carpi ulnaris?

A

ULNAR NERVE

106
Q

What is the action of the brachioradialis?

A

Flexion at Elbow

107
Q

What innervates the brachioradialis?

A

The radial nerve

108
Q

To which digits is the Flexor Digitorum Superficialis attached?

A

Index, Long, Ring and Little finger

109
Q

On which phalanx is the FDS inserted

A

Middle Phalanx

110
Q

What is the action of the Flexor Digitorum Superficialis ?

A

To flex wrist, metacarpopharyngeal and interphalangeal joints

111
Q

What innervates the Flexor Digitorum Superficialis?

A

Median Nerve

112
Q

What is the action of the FDP?

A

Flexes wrist joint and distal interphalangeal joints of digits 2,3,4,5

113
Q

Which part of the FDP is supplied by the ulnar nerve?

A

Medial part

  • flexes digits 4 and 5
114
Q

Which part of the FDP is innervated by the median nerve?

A

Lateral part

  • flexes digits 2 and 3
115
Q

What is the action of the flexor pollicis longus?

A

Flexes thumb

116
Q

What innervates the flexor pollicis longus?

A

Anterior interosseus nerve

117
Q

Where does the pronator quadratus originate?

A

The ulna

118
Q

What is the action of the pronator quadratus?

A

Pronates forearm

119
Q

What is the innervation of the pronator quadratus?

A

Anterior interosseus nerve

120
Q

What is the relationship between the median nerve and the brachial artery?

A

The nerve is medial to the artery

121
Q

What does the median nerve NOT innervate in the anterior forearm?

A

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris and medial half of Flexor Digitorum Profunda

122
Q

How does the median nerve enter the hand?

A

Below the flexor retinaculum via the carpal tunnel

123
Q

How does the ulnar nerve pass into the forearm?

A

Bypassing between the heads of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle

124
Q

What is the relationship between the ulnar nerve and the ulnar artery?

A

Nerve is medial to artery

125
Q

What are the two terminal branches of the brachial artery?

A

The radial and ulnar artery

126
Q

Where does the brachial artery divide into its terminal branches?

A

The neck of the radius

127
Q

Where us the carpal tunnel situated?

A

Between the trapezium and scaphoid on lateral side

Between pisiform and hammate on the medial side

128
Q

What are the contents of the carpal tunnel?

A

Median nerve, 4 tendons of the FDS, 4 tendons of the FDP and the tendon of the flexor pollicus longus

129
Q

Which muscle of the forearm is continous with the palmar fascia?

A

Palmaris longus

130
Q

What are the thenar muscles ?

A

Abductor pollicus brevis

Flexor pollicus brevis

Opponens pollicis

131
Q

What nerve innervates the thenar muscles?

A

The median nerve

132
Q

Name the hypothenar muscles?

A

Abductor digiti minimi

Flexor digiti minimi

Opponens digiti minimi

133
Q

What nerve innervates the hypothenar eminences?

A

Ulnar nerve

134
Q

Name the two heads of the abductor pollicis?

A

Transverse head

Oblique head

135
Q

What nerve innervates the abductor pollicis?

A

Ulnar nerve

136
Q

What action is the adductor pollicis on the thumb?

A

Adduction

137
Q

What forms the central compartment of the hand?

A

The lumbricals

138
Q

From which tendon do the lumbricals originate?

A

The tendon of the flexor digitorum profundus

139
Q

What is the action of the lumbrical muscles?

A

Flexion of fingers at the MCP joints and simulateneous extension at the IP joints of digits 2-5

140
Q

What are the medial two lumbricals innervated by?

A

Ulnar Nerve

141
Q

What are the lateral two lumbricals innervated by?

A

The median nerve

142
Q

Where are interossei located?

A

Between the metacarpal bones - 4 dorsal, 3 palmar

143
Q

What is the action of the dorsal interossei?

A

Abduction of the fingers

144
Q

What is the action of the palmar interossei?

A

Adduction

145
Q

What nerve innervates the dorsal and palmar interossei?

A

Ulnar nerve

146
Q

What artery is the main contributor to the superficial arch?

A

Ulnar artery

147
Q

What artery is the main contributor to the deep palmar arch?

A

Radial artery

148
Q

What nerve does not supply any muscles in the hand?

A

The radial nerve

149
Q

Where does the median nerve enter the hand?

A

The carpal tunnel

150
Q

What does the ulnar nerve not supply?

A

The thenar muscles and the first and second lumbricals

151
Q

What kind of joint is the wrist joint?

A

Synovial ellipsoid joint

152
Q

What part of the bone forms the proximal part of the wrist joint?

A

The distal end of radius and the articular disc

153
Q

What bones form the distal part of the wrist joint?

A

The lunate and scaphoid

154
Q

What actions occur at the wrist joint?

A

Flexion, extension, circumduction

155
Q

What is the action of the most anterior compartment of muscles of the forearm on the wrist?

A

Flexion

156
Q

What is the action of the extensor and flexor carpi ulnaris muscle on the wrist joint?

A

Act as adductors or cause ulnar deviation

157
Q

What muscles act as abductors of the wrist joint?

A

Flexor carpi radialis, extensor carpi radialis and brevis

158
Q

what is the action of the posterior compartment muscles of the forearm on the wrist?

A

Extension

159
Q

What is the action of the extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis on the wrist joint?

A

Extension and abduction

160
Q

What muscles extend the medial four digits?

A

Extensor digitorum, extensor indicis and extensor digiti minimi

161
Q

Where is the origin of the extensor digitorum?

A

Lateral epicondyle

162
Q

Name the muscles which extend or abduct the thumb?

A

Abductor pollicis longus

Extensor pollicis brevis

Extensor pollicis longus

163
Q

Which nerve innervates all the posterior compartment of the forearm?

A

Radial nerve

164
Q

What is the innervation and action of the extensor digitorum?

A

Posterior interosseus nerve

Extend medial 4 digits at the MCP joint

165
Q

What is the innervation and action of the extensor carpi radialis longus?

A

Radial nerve

Extend and abduct wrist joint

166
Q

What is the innervation and action of the extensor carpi radialis brevis?

A

Deep branch of the radial nerve

Extend and abduct the wrist joint

167
Q

What is the innervation and action of the brachioradialis?

A

Radial nerve

Weak flexion of elbow joint

168
Q

What is the innervation and action of the extensor carpi ulnaris?

A

Posterior interosseus nerve

169
Q

What is the innervation and action of the supinator?

A

Deep branch of the radial nerve

Supinates forearm

170
Q

What is the innervation and action of the Extensor Digiti Minimi?

A

Posterior interosseus nerve

Extends the 5th finger at the MP joint

171
Q

What is the anatomical pathaway of the supinator?

A

Envelopes the neck and proximal part of the shaft of the radius, covering it completely except on its radial side

172
Q

Which muscles act on the thumb?

A

APL, EPB, EPL

173
Q

What is the anatomical snuffbox?

A

A shallow depression on the lateral aspect of the wrist when the thumb is fully extended

174
Q

What artery lies on the floor of the anatomical snuffbox?

A

The radial artery

175
Q

Which nerve innervates the EPL, EPB and APL of the thumb?

A

Radial nerve

176
Q

What is the action of the EPL on the thumb?

A

Extension at MCP and ICP

177
Q

What is the action of the EPB on the thumb?

A

Extension of the thumb at MCP and CMC joint

178
Q

What is the action of the APL at the thumb?

A

Abduction and extension of the thumb

179
Q
A

Musculoskeletal (7 decks)

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