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Musculoskeletal > Anatomy of the Lower Limb > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q

What is the action of the hamstrings at the hip and knee joint?

A

Hip - extension

Knee - flexion

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2
Q

Which vein ascends posterior to the medial malleolus of the tibia?

A

Small saphenous

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3
Q

What is the femoral artery a continuation of?

A

The external iliac artery

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4
Q

What is the action of dorsal interossei?

A

Abduction

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5
Q

What are the two pairs of gluteal nerves?

A

Inferior and superior gluteal nerve

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6
Q

What are the terminal branches of the sciatic nerve?

A

Tibial nerve and common fibular nerve

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7
Q

What muscles medially rotate the hip?

A

Gluteus minimus
Gluteus medius
Tensor fascia lata

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8
Q

Which structures make up the base of the femoral triangle ?

A

The pectineus, the iliopsoas and the adductor longus

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9
Q

What nerve innervates the medial thigh?

A

Obturator nerve

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10
Q

What are the actions of the gluteus maximus?

A

External rotation and extension of hip

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11
Q

Which sciatic foramen is the route for structures entering or leaving the perineum?

A

Lesser sciatic foramen

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12
Q

What muscles cause dorsiflexion?

A

Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus and extensor hallicus longus, peroneus

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13
Q

What is the action of plantar interossei?

A

Adduction

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14
Q

What muscles cause plantarflexion?

A

Fibularis longus and brevis, flexor hallucis longus and flexor digitorum longus, tibialis posterior, gastroncnemius, plantaris and soleus

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15
Q

What makes up the medial and lateral boundary of the femoral triangle?

A

Medial - adductor longus

Lateral - sartorius

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16
Q

What branch of the popliteal artery supplies the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Posterior tibial artery

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17
Q

Which muscles flex the knee?

A

Sartorius, biceps femoris, semitendinous, semimembranosus, gastrocnemius, plantaris, popliteus and gracilli

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18
Q

What is the purpose of the arches of the foot?

A

Distrubution of body weight and act as shock absorbers

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19
Q

What are the actions of the sartorius muscle?

A

Flexion and abduction of hip
Laterally rotates thigh at hip joint
Flexes knee joint

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20
Q

What branch of the femoral artery passes posteriorly towards the hamstrings?

A

The profunda femoris artery

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21
Q

What actions do the lateral muscles of the lower leg permit?

A

Eversion of the foor and weak flexion of ankle joint

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22
Q

What is the function of the pubofemoral ligament?

A

To prevent hyperabduction of the hip joint

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23
Q

Name the two superficial veins of the lower limb?

A

Great saphenous and small saphenous

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24
Q

Where do vessels accompanying the great saphenous vein end?

A

The superficial inguinal nodes

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25
Q

What is the popliteal artery a continuation of?

A

The femoral artery as it emerges from the adductor hiatus

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26
Q

Where do the deep gluteal muscles attach to ?

A

The greater trochanter

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27
Q

Name the abductor muscles of the hip

A

Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor Fascia Lata

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28
Q

Which vein ascents anterior to the medial malleolus of the tibia?

A

Great saphenous

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29
Q

What are the contents of the adductor canal?

A

The femoral artery
Femoral vein
Saphenous nerve
Nerve for vestus medialis

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30
Q

Which sciatic foramen is the route for structures entering or leaving the pelvis?

A

Greater Sciatic Foramen

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31
Q

Which branch of the common fibular nerve innervates the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Deep fibular nerve

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32
Q

What is the acetabular labrum?

A

A fibrocartilaginous collar

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33
Q

What is the function of the acetabular labrum?

A

it is crucial in retaining a layer of pressurised intra-articular fluid for joint lubrication and load support, thus increasing stability

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34
Q

What superficial vein empties into the femoral vein?

A

The great saphenous vein

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35
Q

What is the deep fascia of the thigh known as?

A

fascia lata

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36
Q

Which ligament of the ankle joint is the weakest?

A

The lateral ligaments

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37
Q

What are the contents of the femoral triangle?

A

Femoral nerve, artery and vein

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38
Q

What two muscles are attached to the iliotibial tract?

A

Gluteus maximus and tensor fascia latae

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39
Q

What movements occur at subtalar joints?

A

Eversion and inversion

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40
Q

How are muscles of the anterior thigh organised?

A

Anterior compartment (extensors), medial compartment and posterior compartment (flexors)

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41
Q

What kind of joint is the inferior fibular joint?

A

Fibrous joint

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42
Q

What kind of joint is the knee joint?

A

a compound hinge, synovial joint

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43
Q

What is the innervation of the gastrocnemius?

A

Tibial nerve

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44
Q

What is the adductor compartment innervated by ?

A

The obturator nerve which exits the pelvis via the obturator canal which passes through the obturator foramen

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45
Q

What is the femoral sheath?

A

A funnel shaped fascial tube which surround the proximal part of the femoral vessels and creates the femoral canal

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46
Q

What is the gluteus maximus innervated by?

A

The inferior gluteal nerve

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47
Q

Name the flexor muscles of the hip?

A

Iliacus
Psoas Major
Pectineus
Adductor longus

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48
Q

What are the compartments of the leg?

A

Anterior, posterior and lateral compartments

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49
Q

What are the attachments of the LCL ?

A

Lateral epicondyle of the femur to the lateral surface of the head of the fibula

50
Q

Which nerve roots contribute to the lumbar plexus?

A

l1-l4

51
Q

When is malleolar grip weakest?

A

During plantarflexion

52
Q

Which muscle does the sacral plexus lie anterior?

A

Piriformis

53
Q

Name the adductors of the hip

A 
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Adductor magnus
Gracilis
Obturator externus
54
Q

Name the extensors of the thigh?

A

Gluteus maximus, Biceps femoris, semitendinos and semimebranosus

55
Q

What passive factors maintain the integrity of the arches of the foot?

A

Shape of the united bones
Plantar aponeurosis
Long plantar ligament
Short plantar ligament

56
Q

What makes up the superficial group of the posterior leg?

A

Gastrocnemius

57
Q

Which artery runs midway between the malleoli?

A

Anterior tibial artery

58
Q

What muscle passes deep to the LCL, separating it from the lateral meniscus?

A

The popliteus

59
Q

What makes up the lumbosacral plexus?

A

The union of spinal nerves L4&L5

60
Q

What are thee actions of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Dorsiflexion of ankle and extension of toes

61
Q

What muscles make up the hamstrings?

A

Semimembranosus, semitendinous and long head of biceps femoris

62
Q

What is the nerve root of the superior gluteal nerve?

A

L4-S1

63
Q

What is the action of the PCL?

A

to prevent the femur from sliding off the anterior edge of the tibia and to prevent the tibia from displacing posterior to the femur.

64
Q

What is the femoral vein a continuation of?

A

The popliteal vein

65
Q

What is the action of the of the rectus femoris on the hip joint?

A

Flexion

66
Q

What are the two segmental values of the femoral and obturator nerves ?

A

l2-l4

67
Q

What is the nerve root of the inferior gluteal nerve ?

A

L5-S2

68
Q

What makes up the upper lateral border of the popliteal fossa?

A

Biceps femoris

69
Q

What are the four muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, fibularis tertius

70
Q

Where do vessels accompanying the small saphenous vein end?

A

Popliteal lymph nodes

71
Q

What is the action of the gluteus medius, gluteus minimus and the tensor fasciae latae?

A

Abduction and medial rotation of hip

72
Q

Which nerve innervates the quadriceps femoris?

A

Femoral Nerve

73
Q

Which bone does not articulate with the knee joint?

A

Fibula

74
Q

What kind of joint is the ankle joint?

A

Hinge (synovial)

75
Q

Which two terminal branches of the posterior tibial artery supplies the foot?

A

medial plantar and lateral plantar artery

76
Q

What superficial vein empties into the popliteal vein?

A

The small saphenous vein

77
Q

Which veins drain into the femoral triangle?

A

Profunda femoris and the great saphenous

78
Q

What are the two terminal branches of the tibial nerve which innervate the intrinsic muscles of the foot?

A

Medial plantar and lateral plantar nerves

79
Q

What are the contents of the popliteal fossa?

A

Fat, popliteal artery and vein, tibial nerve, common fibular nerve and the popliteal lymph nodes/lymphatic vessels

80
Q

Which nerve innervates the gluteus medius, gluteus minimus and the tensor fasciae latae?

A

Superior gluteal nerve

81
Q

What is the action of the deep muscles of the gluteal region on the hip joint?

A

Stabilises hip and lateral rotation of hip

82
Q

Which nerve innervates the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Superficial fibular

83
Q

What muscles are supplied by the superior gluteal nerve?

A

Gluteus medius and minimus
Tensor fasciae latae
Piriformis

84
Q

Name the deep layer of gluteal muscles?

A

Piriformis, obturator internus, superior and inferior gemelli and quadratus femoris

85
Q

What is the medial ligament of the ankle also known as?

A

The deltoid ligament

86
Q

What is the function of the iliofemoral ligament?

A

To prevent hyperextension of the hip joint

87
Q

What is the lateral part of the fascia lata also known as?

A

Iliotibial tract

88
Q

Which terminal branch of the popliteal artery supplies the anterior leg?

A

Anterior tibial artery

89
Q

What does the obturator nerve innervate?

A

The adductor compartment of the thigh

90
Q

What makes up the upper medial border of the popliteal fossa?

A

Semimembranosus muscle

91
Q

What nerves are the main two branches of the sacral plexus?

A

Sciatic and pudendal nerve

92
Q

Name the superficial gluteal muscles?

A

Gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus

93
Q

What muscle stabilises the knee joint?

A

Quadratus femoris

94
Q

Name the three arrangements of lymph nodes in the legs?

A

Superficial inguinal
Deep inguinal
Popliteal

95
Q

What are the articular surfaces of the ankle ?

A

Distal end of fibula and tibula and superior part of talus bone

96
Q

How does the sartorius cross the hip and knee joint?

A

Hip - anterior

Knee - posterior

97
Q

What makes up the inferior border of the popliteal fossa?

A

The lateral and medial heads of the gastrocnemius

98
Q

Where is the MCL firmly attached to the medial meniscus?

A

At its midpoint

99
Q

What is the action of the quadriceps on the knee joint?

A

Extension

100
Q

What are the four heads of the quadriceps femoris?

A

Rectus femoris, Vastus Lateralis, Vastus Intermedius, Vastus Medialis

101
Q

When is malleolar grip strongest?

A

During dorsiflexion

102
Q

Name the medial thigh muscles ?

A 
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis 
Adductor Magnus
Gracilis
Obturator Externus
103
Q

Name the attachments of the MCL?

A

Medial epicondyle of femur to the upper part of the medial suface of the tibia

104
Q

What is the action of the ACL?

A

prevents anterior movement of the tibia off of the femur, as well as hyperextension of the knee

105
Q

What kind of joint is the superior tibio-fibular joint?

A

Synovial plane

106
Q

Inferior to which muscle does the sciatic nerve emerge in the gluteal region?

A

Piriformis

107
Q

What muscles make up the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Fibularis Longus and the Fibularis Brevis

108
Q

List the muscles innervated by the femoral nerve?

A

Sartorius, pectineus, iliacus, quadratus femoris

109
Q

Which muscles extend the knee?

A

Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius and vastus medialis

110
Q

What are the actions of the menisci?

A

Increase stability and act as shock absorbers

111
Q

What muscles make up the deep posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Popliteus, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus

112
Q

What dynamic factors maintain the integrity of the arches of the foot?

A

Intrinsic muscles of the foot
Long flexor tendons
Tendons of tibialis anterior and fibularis longus

113
Q

The ventral rami of which spinal nerves make up the sacral plexus?>

A

L4 and 5, S1-4

114
Q

What action does the gastrocnemius permit?

A

Flexion of ankle and knee

115
Q

Which nerve is the largest nerve in the lumbar plexus?

A

Femoral nerve

116
Q

What does the femoral nerve innervate?

A

The ANTERIOR compartment of the thigh

117
Q

What nerve innervates the posterior thigh muscles?

A

Sciatic nerve

118
Q

What type of joint is the hip joint?

A

Ball and Socket synovial joint

119
Q

What is the main extensor of the hip?

A

Gluteus maximus

120
Q

Which muscle is the cheif flexor of the hip?

A

Iliopsoas

121
Q

What makes up the pelvic girdle?

A

Sacrum, left and right hip bones joined anteriorly at the pubic symphysis and posteriorly by the sacroiliac joints

Musculoskeletal (7 decks)

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