Anatomy of the Lower Limb Flashcards
What is the action of the hamstrings at the hip and knee joint?
Hip - extension
Knee - flexion
Which vein ascends posterior to the medial malleolus of the tibia?
Small saphenous
What is the femoral artery a continuation of?
The external iliac artery
What is the action of dorsal interossei?
Abduction
What are the two pairs of gluteal nerves?
Inferior and superior gluteal nerve
What are the terminal branches of the sciatic nerve?
Tibial nerve and common fibular nerve
What muscles medially rotate the hip?
Gluteus minimus
Gluteus medius
Tensor fascia lata
Which structures make up the base of the femoral triangle ?
The pectineus, the iliopsoas and the adductor longus
What nerve innervates the medial thigh?
Obturator nerve
What are the actions of the gluteus maximus?
External rotation and extension of hip
Which sciatic foramen is the route for structures entering or leaving the perineum?
Lesser sciatic foramen
What muscles cause dorsiflexion?
Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus and extensor hallicus longus, peroneus
What is the action of plantar interossei?
Adduction
What muscles cause plantarflexion?
Fibularis longus and brevis, flexor hallucis longus and flexor digitorum longus, tibialis posterior, gastroncnemius, plantaris and soleus
What makes up the medial and lateral boundary of the femoral triangle?
Medial - adductor longus
Lateral - sartorius
What branch of the popliteal artery supplies the posterior compartment of the leg?
Posterior tibial artery
Which muscles flex the knee?
Sartorius, biceps femoris, semitendinous, semimembranosus, gastrocnemius, plantaris, popliteus and gracilli
What is the purpose of the arches of the foot?
Distrubution of body weight and act as shock absorbers
What are the actions of the sartorius muscle?
Flexion and abduction of hip
Laterally rotates thigh at hip joint
Flexes knee joint
What branch of the femoral artery passes posteriorly towards the hamstrings?
The profunda femoris artery
What actions do the lateral muscles of the lower leg permit?
Eversion of the foor and weak flexion of ankle joint
What is the function of the pubofemoral ligament?
To prevent hyperabduction of the hip joint
Name the two superficial veins of the lower limb?
Great saphenous and small saphenous
Where do vessels accompanying the great saphenous vein end?
The superficial inguinal nodes
What is the popliteal artery a continuation of?
The femoral artery as it emerges from the adductor hiatus
Where do the deep gluteal muscles attach to ?
The greater trochanter
Name the abductor muscles of the hip
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor Fascia Lata
Which vein ascents anterior to the medial malleolus of the tibia?
Great saphenous
What are the contents of the adductor canal?
The femoral artery
Femoral vein
Saphenous nerve
Nerve for vestus medialis
Which sciatic foramen is the route for structures entering or leaving the pelvis?
Greater Sciatic Foramen
Which branch of the common fibular nerve innervates the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg?
Deep fibular nerve
What is the acetabular labrum?
A fibrocartilaginous collar
What is the function of the acetabular labrum?
it is crucial in retaining a layer of pressurised intra-articular fluid for joint lubrication and load support, thus increasing stability
What superficial vein empties into the femoral vein?
The great saphenous vein
What is the deep fascia of the thigh known as?
fascia lata
Which ligament of the ankle joint is the weakest?
The lateral ligaments
What are the contents of the femoral triangle?
Femoral nerve, artery and vein
What two muscles are attached to the iliotibial tract?
Gluteus maximus and tensor fascia latae
What movements occur at subtalar joints?
Eversion and inversion
How are muscles of the anterior thigh organised?
Anterior compartment (extensors), medial compartment and posterior compartment (flexors)
What kind of joint is the inferior fibular joint?
Fibrous joint
What kind of joint is the knee joint?
a compound hinge, synovial joint
What is the innervation of the gastrocnemius?
Tibial nerve
What is the adductor compartment innervated by ?
The obturator nerve which exits the pelvis via the obturator canal which passes through the obturator foramen
What is the femoral sheath?
A funnel shaped fascial tube which surround the proximal part of the femoral vessels and creates the femoral canal
What is the gluteus maximus innervated by?
The inferior gluteal nerve
Name the flexor muscles of the hip?
Iliacus
Psoas Major
Pectineus
Adductor longus
What are the compartments of the leg?
Anterior, posterior and lateral compartments
What are the attachments of the LCL ?
Lateral epicondyle of the femur to the lateral surface of the head of the fibula
Which nerve roots contribute to the lumbar plexus?
l1-l4
When is malleolar grip weakest?
During plantarflexion
Which muscle does the sacral plexus lie anterior?
Piriformis
Name the adductors of the hip
Adductor longus Adductor brevis Adductor magnus Gracilis Obturator externus
Name the extensors of the thigh?
Gluteus maximus, Biceps femoris, semitendinos and semimebranosus
What passive factors maintain the integrity of the arches of the foot?
Shape of the united bones
Plantar aponeurosis
Long plantar ligament
Short plantar ligament
What makes up the superficial group of the posterior leg?
Gastrocnemius
Which artery runs midway between the malleoli?
Anterior tibial artery
What muscle passes deep to the LCL, separating it from the lateral meniscus?
The popliteus
What makes up the lumbosacral plexus?
The union of spinal nerves L4&L5
What are thee actions of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg?
Dorsiflexion of ankle and extension of toes
What muscles make up the hamstrings?
Semimembranosus, semitendinous and long head of biceps femoris
What is the nerve root of the superior gluteal nerve?
L4-S1
What is the action of the PCL?
to prevent the femur from sliding off the anterior edge of the tibia and to prevent the tibia from displacing posterior to the femur.
What is the femoral vein a continuation of?
The popliteal vein
What is the action of the of the rectus femoris on the hip joint?
Flexion
What are the two segmental values of the femoral and obturator nerves ?
l2-l4
What is the nerve root of the inferior gluteal nerve ?
L5-S2
What makes up the upper lateral border of the popliteal fossa?
Biceps femoris
What are the four muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg?
Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, fibularis tertius
Where do vessels accompanying the small saphenous vein end?
Popliteal lymph nodes
What is the action of the gluteus medius, gluteus minimus and the tensor fasciae latae?
Abduction and medial rotation of hip
Which nerve innervates the quadriceps femoris?
Femoral Nerve
Which bone does not articulate with the knee joint?
Fibula
What kind of joint is the ankle joint?
Hinge (synovial)
Which two terminal branches of the posterior tibial artery supplies the foot?
medial plantar and lateral plantar artery
What superficial vein empties into the popliteal vein?
The small saphenous vein
Which veins drain into the femoral triangle?
Profunda femoris and the great saphenous
What are the two terminal branches of the tibial nerve which innervate the intrinsic muscles of the foot?
Medial plantar and lateral plantar nerves
What are the contents of the popliteal fossa?
Fat, popliteal artery and vein, tibial nerve, common fibular nerve and the popliteal lymph nodes/lymphatic vessels
Which nerve innervates the gluteus medius, gluteus minimus and the tensor fasciae latae?
Superior gluteal nerve
What is the action of the deep muscles of the gluteal region on the hip joint?
Stabilises hip and lateral rotation of hip
Which nerve innervates the lateral compartment of the leg?
Superficial fibular
What muscles are supplied by the superior gluteal nerve?
Gluteus medius and minimus
Tensor fasciae latae
Piriformis
Name the deep layer of gluteal muscles?
Piriformis, obturator internus, superior and inferior gemelli and quadratus femoris
What is the medial ligament of the ankle also known as?
The deltoid ligament
What is the function of the iliofemoral ligament?
To prevent hyperextension of the hip joint
What is the lateral part of the fascia lata also known as?
Iliotibial tract
Which terminal branch of the popliteal artery supplies the anterior leg?
Anterior tibial artery
What does the obturator nerve innervate?
The adductor compartment of the thigh
What makes up the upper medial border of the popliteal fossa?
Semimembranosus muscle
What nerves are the main two branches of the sacral plexus?
Sciatic and pudendal nerve
Name the superficial gluteal muscles?
Gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus
What muscle stabilises the knee joint?
Quadratus femoris
Name the three arrangements of lymph nodes in the legs?
Superficial inguinal
Deep inguinal
Popliteal
What are the articular surfaces of the ankle ?
Distal end of fibula and tibula and superior part of talus bone
How does the sartorius cross the hip and knee joint?
Hip - anterior
Knee - posterior
What makes up the inferior border of the popliteal fossa?
The lateral and medial heads of the gastrocnemius
Where is the MCL firmly attached to the medial meniscus?
At its midpoint
What is the action of the quadriceps on the knee joint?
Extension
What are the four heads of the quadriceps femoris?
Rectus femoris, Vastus Lateralis, Vastus Intermedius, Vastus Medialis
When is malleolar grip strongest?
During dorsiflexion
Name the medial thigh muscles ?
Adductor longus Adductor brevis Adductor Magnus Gracilis Obturator Externus
Name the attachments of the MCL?
Medial epicondyle of femur to the upper part of the medial suface of the tibia
What is the action of the ACL?
prevents anterior movement of the tibia off of the femur, as well as hyperextension of the knee
What kind of joint is the superior tibio-fibular joint?
Synovial plane
Inferior to which muscle does the sciatic nerve emerge in the gluteal region?
Piriformis
What muscles make up the lateral compartment of the leg?
Fibularis Longus and the Fibularis Brevis
List the muscles innervated by the femoral nerve?
Sartorius, pectineus, iliacus, quadratus femoris
Which muscles extend the knee?
Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius and vastus medialis
What are the actions of the menisci?
Increase stability and act as shock absorbers
What muscles make up the deep posterior compartment of the leg?
Popliteus, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus
What dynamic factors maintain the integrity of the arches of the foot?
Intrinsic muscles of the foot
Long flexor tendons
Tendons of tibialis anterior and fibularis longus
The ventral rami of which spinal nerves make up the sacral plexus?>
L4 and 5, S1-4
What action does the gastrocnemius permit?
Flexion of ankle and knee
Which nerve is the largest nerve in the lumbar plexus?
Femoral nerve
What does the femoral nerve innervate?
The ANTERIOR compartment of the thigh
What nerve innervates the posterior thigh muscles?
Sciatic nerve
What type of joint is the hip joint?
Ball and Socket synovial joint
What is the main extensor of the hip?
Gluteus maximus
Which muscle is the cheif flexor of the hip?
Iliopsoas
What makes up the pelvic girdle?
Sacrum, left and right hip bones joined anteriorly at the pubic symphysis and posteriorly by the sacroiliac joints
