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MSK > Upper limb anatomy > Flashcards

Upper limb anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four regions of the upper limb?

A

Shoulder
Arm
Forearm
Hand

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2
Q

What bones are found in the upper limb?

A 
Scapula
Clavicle 
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Bones of the hand
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3
Q

How many bones are there in the hand?

A

27

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4
Q

Name the bones of the hand.

A 
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
Hamate
Capitate
Trapezoid
Trapezium
Metacarpals
Phalanges
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5
Q

What are the compartments of the hand?

A

Thenar eminence
Hypothenar eminence
Lumbricals
Interossei

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6
Q

How many muscles are found in the thenar eminence?

A

3

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7
Q

What three muscles are found in the thenar eminence and what is their function?

A

Abductor pollicis brevis- Abduct thumb
Flexor pollicis brevis- Flex thumb
Opponens pollicis- Oppose thumb

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8
Q

What nerve supplies the thenar compartment of the hand?

A

Medial nerve

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9
Q

How many muscles are found in the hypothenar compartment of the hand?

A

3

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10
Q

What three muscles are found in the hypothenar compartment of the hand and what is their function?

A

Abductor digiti minimi brevis- Abduct little finger
Flexor digiti minimi brevis- Flex little finger
Opponens digiti minimi- Oppose little finger

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11
Q

What nerve supplies the hypothenar compartment of the hand?

A

Deep branch of the ulnar nerve

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12
Q

How many lumbricals are there in the hand?

A

4

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13
Q

What do the lumbricals do?

A 
Flex metacarpocarpal (MCC) joints
Extend interphalangeal (IP) joints
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14
Q

What are the lumbricals innervated by?

A

1st and 2nd- Ulnar nerve

3rd and 4th- Medial Nerve

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15
Q

Where do the lumbricals originate?

A

Tendons of flexor digitorum profundus

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16
Q

Where do the lumbricals insert?

A

Phalanges of fingers

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17
Q

What are the two kinds of interossei muscle?

A

Dorsal

Palmer

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18
Q

What nerve innervates the interossei muscles?

A

Ulnar nerve

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19
Q

What doe the dorsal interossei muscles do?

A

Abduct fingers

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20
Q

What do the palmar interossei muscles do?

A

Adduct fingers

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21
Q

Where do the interossei muscles originate?

A

Metacarpals

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22
Q

Where do the interossei muscles insert?

A

proximal phalanges of fingers

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23
Q

What does abduction of the thumb look like?

A

Forwards

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24
Q

What does adduction of the thumb look like?

A

In line with fingers

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25
Q

What does extension of the thumb look like?

A

Laterally away

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26
Q

What does flexion of the thumb look like?

A

Thumb on palm

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27
Q

What does opposition of the thumb look like?

A

Thumb to little finger

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28
Q

What is repositioning of the thumb?

A

Moving the thumb back to normal after opposing it

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29
Q

What four carpals are involved in the carpal tunnel?

A

Hamate, capitate, trapezoid and trapezium

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30
Q

What nerve passes through the carpal tunnel?

A

Median

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31
Q

What are the symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

Weakness in thenar muscles

Loss of sensation in digits 1-2 and half of 4

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32
Q

What are the two main arteries found in the hand?

A

Deep palmar arch

Superficial palmar arch

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33
Q

Which in the main artery feeding into the deep palmar arch?

A

Radial artery

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34
Q

What is the main artery feeding into the superficial palmar arch?

A

Ulnar artery

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35
Q

What three bones are involved in the shoulder?

A

Humerus
Scapula
Clavicle

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36
Q

What are the three joints found in the shoulder?

A

Sternoclavicular (saddle)
Acromioclavicular (Plane)
Glenohumeral (ball and socket)

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37
Q

What is the only bone to bone link of the upper limb to the body?

A

Sternoclavicular (saddle)

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38
Q

What is the purpose of the clavicle?

A

To prevent the shoulder collapsing forwards when reaching forwards.

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39
Q

Name five key features of the scapula.

A 
Acromion
Coracoid process
Spine of scapula
Glenoid cavity
Inferior angle
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40
Q

Name the three fossae of the scapula.

A

Subscapular
Supraspinous
Infraspinous

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41
Q

Give another name for the shoulder region?

A

Pectoral girdle.

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42
Q

What attaches to the coracoid process?

A

Coracoclavicular ligaments and pectoralis minor

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43
Q

How many muscles are involved in moving the scapula?

A

7

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44
Q

Name the seven muscles involved in moving the scapula and give their function.

A 
Trapezius- Retract 
Rhomboid minor and major- Rotate down
Levator Scapulae- Lift scapula
Subclavian- Depress
Pectoralis minor- Depress
Serratus Anterior- Pull forwards
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45
Q

What does the trapezius do, where is it found and what is it innervated by?

A

Retract scapula
Back
CNXI

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46
Q

What does the rhomboid minor and major do, where is it found and what is it innervated by?

A

Rotate scapula down
Back
Dorsal Scapular Nerve

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47
Q

What does the levator scapulae do, where is it found and what is it innervated by?

A

Lift scapula
Back/neck
Dorsal Scapular Nerve

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48
Q

What does the subclavian do, where is it found and what is it innervated by?

A

Depress scapula
Shoulder/chest
Subclavian nerve

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49
Q

What does the pectoralis minor do, where is it found and what is it innervated by?

A

Depress clavicle
Chest
Pectoral nerve

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50
Q

What does the serratus anterior do, where is it found and what is it innervated by?

A

Pulls scapula forwards
Chest/sides
Long thoracic nerve

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51
Q

What does paralysis of the long thoracic nerve give rise to?

A

WInged scapula

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52
Q

Mnemonic for muscles that move the scapula (anterior to posterior)

A

Sir Please Stop Letting Rhinoceroses Roam Too

53
Q

How many rotator cuff muscles are there?

A

4

54
Q

Name the four rotator cuff muscles

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
Subscapularis

55
Q

What is the mnemonic for remembering the rotator cuffs and order they are found on the humerus?

A

SSITS- From anterior lesser tuberosity to greater tuberosity

56
Q

What is the one function all rotator cuff muscles have in common?

A

To stabilize the glenohumeral joint and keep the humerus in place.

57
Q

What action does the supraspinatus muscle do?

A

0-15 degree abduction

58
Q

What action does the infraspinatus and teres minor muscles do?

A

External rotation of arm

59
Q

What action does the subscapularis do?

A

Medial rotation of arm

60
Q

How much of the humeral head is in contact with the glenoid fossa at any one time?

A

1/3

61
Q

Name the three axioappendicular muscles involved in the movement of the arm.

A

Deltoid
Pectoralis Major
Latissimus dorsi

62
Q

How many axioappendicular muscles move the arm?

A

3

63
Q

What is the action of the deltoid?

A

Abduction of arm

64
Q

What is the action of pectoralis major?

A

Adduction, internal rotation and flexion of arm

65
Q

What is the action of latissimus dorsi?

A

Adduction, internal rotation and extension of arm

66
Q

What two muscles are responsible so abducting the arm?

A

Suprascapularis and deltoid

67
Q

What two muscles are responsible for externally rotating the arm?

A

Infraspinatus and teres minor

68
Q

What three muscles are responsible for internally/medially rotating the arm?

A

Subscapularis, pec major and lat dorsi

69
Q

What two muscles are responsible for flexion of the arm?

A

Pec major and coracobrachialis

70
Q

What two muscles are responsible for extension of the arm?

A

Lat dorsi and triceps

71
Q

How many muscles are in the anterior compartment of the arm?

A

3

72
Q

What are the three muscles found in the anterior compartment of the arm and what are their actions?

A

Biceps brachii- flexion of elbow, supination of forearm and stabilization of shoulder.
Brachialis- Flex elbow joint
Coracobrachialis- Flex and adduct glenohumeral joint

73
Q

What three muscles are responsible for adduction of the arm?

A

Coracobrachialis, pec major and lat dorsi.

74
Q

What nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the arm?

A

Musculocutaneous

75
Q

How many compartments are there in the arm?

A

2:
Anterior
Posterior

76
Q

How many muscles are found in the posterior compartment of the arm?

A

1

77
Q

What muscle is found in the posterior compartment of the arm?

A

Triceps brachii

78
Q

What nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the arm?

A

Radial nerve

79
Q

What is the function of the triceps brachii?

A

To extend the arm and forearm.

80
Q

Name six boney features of interest on the humerus.

A 
Greater tuberosity 
Lesser tuberosity
Medial epicondyle
Lateral epicondyle
Olecranon fossa
Coranoid fossa
81
Q

What occupies the olecranon fossa?

A

Olecranon of ulna

82
Q

Name the three muscle and nerve grooves and tuberosity of interest in the humerus.

A

Bicipital groove
Radial groove
Deltoid tuberosity

83
Q

What occupies the coronoid fossa?

A

The coronoid process of the ulna.

84
Q

What two bones make up the forearm?

A

Radius and ulna

85
Q

What are the two parts of the articular surface of the humerus in the elbow joint called?

A

Capitulum

Trochlear

86
Q

What articulates with the capitulum of the humerus?

A

Radius

87
Q

What articulates with the trochlear of the humerus?

A

Ulna

88
Q

What two ligaments are responsible for keeping the elbow joint together?

A

Radial collateral ligament

Ulnar collateral ligament

89
Q

What bone allows for the pronation and supination of the forearm?

A

Radius

90
Q

Which forearm bone is lateral and which medial in the anatomical position?

A

Radius- lateral

Ulna- Medial

91
Q

How many compartments are there in the forearm?

A

2:

Anterior and posterior

92
Q

How many layers of muscle are there in the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

3:
Superficial
Intermediate
Deep

93
Q

How many muscle are there in the anterior superficial compartment of the forearm?

A

4

94
Q

What are the four muscles found in the superficial compartment of the forearm and what is their function?

A

Pronator teres- Pronates forearm
Flexor carpi radialis- Flexes and abducts wrist
Flexor carpi ulnaris- Flexes and adducts wrist
Palmaris longus- Flexes wrist

95
Q

What is the only muscle in the anterior forearm that is not innervated by the median nerve and what nerve innervates it?

A

Flexor carpi ulnaris- ulnar nerve

96
Q

What nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

Median nerve

97
Q

How many muscles are found in the intermediate layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

1

98
Q

What muscle is found in the intermediate layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm and what does it do?

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis- Flexes fingers

99
Q

How many muscles are found in the deep layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

3

100
Q

What muscle is found in the deep layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm and what do they do?

A

Flexor pollicis longus- Flexes thumb
Flexor digitorum profundus- Flexes wrist and fingers
Pronator quadratus- Pronates forearm

101
Q

How many layers of muscle are there in the posterior compartment of the forearm?

A

2

Superficial and deep

102
Q

What muscles are found in the superficial posterior compartment of the forearm and what is their function?

A

Brachioradialis- flex elbow and super and pronate
Anconeus- Abducts ulna
Extensor carpi radialis longus- Extends and abducts wrist
Extensor digitorum- Extends fingers, wrist and elbow
Extensor carpi ulnaris- Extends and adducts wrist
Extensor carpi radialis brevis- Extends and abducts wrist
Extensor digiti minimi- Extends wrist and little finger

103
Q

What nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the forearm?

A

Radial nerve

104
Q

What muscles are found in the deep layer of the posterior compartment of the arm and what is their function?

A 
Supinator- Supination
Abductor Pollicis longus- Abduct thumb
Extensor pollicis longus- Extension of thumb
Extensor pollicis brevis- Extends thumb
Extensor indicis- Extends index finger
105
Q

What blood vessel first supplies the upper limb?

A

Subclavian artery

106
Q

What does the subclavian artery turn in to?

A

Axillary artery

107
Q

What does the axillary artery turn into?

A

Brachial artery

108
Q

What does the brachial artery branch into?

A

Radial and ulnar arteries

109
Q

Which palmar arch does the radial artery supply?

A

Deep palmar arch

110
Q

Which palmar arch does the ulnar artery supply?

A

Superficial palmar arch

111
Q

What are the elbow anastomosis?

A

Anastomoses of the blood vessels around the elbow to allow blood flow when the elbow is bent.

112
Q

How many anastomoses are there in the scapula?

A

2

113
Q

What are the three anastomoses in the scapula?

A

Suprascapular
Dorsal Scapular
Circumflex scapular

114
Q

Describe the blood flow through the arm.

A

Subclavian, axillary, brachial, radial and ulnar, deep and superficial arches

115
Q

Where do the nerves of the upper limb enter it?

A

At the brachial plexus

116
Q

What levels does the brachial plexus originate from?

A

C5-T1

117
Q

Where is the brachial plexus located?

A

Medial arm

118
Q

How does the brachial plexus travel?

A

Wrapped round the brachial artery

119
Q

The tendons of which muscles are involved in the carpal tunnel?

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor pollicis longus

120
Q

What are the five orders of the brachial plexus?

A

Roots, Trunks, Divisions, Cords, Terminal Branches

121
Q

What two additional nerves branch off the roots of the brachial plexus?

A

Long Thoracic Nerve and Dorsal Scapular Nerve

122
Q

How many nerve roots are there in the brachial plexus?

A

5

123
Q

How many trunks are there in the brachial plexus?

A

3:
Superior
Middle
Inferior

124
Q

How many divisions are there in the brachial plexus?

A

6:
3 anterior
3 posterior

125
Q

How many cords are there in the brachial plexus?

A

3
Lateral
Posterior
Medial

126
Q

What 5 nerves of the upper limb constitute the terminal branches of the brachial plexus?

A 
Musculocutaneous
Axillary
Radial
Median
Ulnar
127
Q

What cord do all the posterior divisions of the brachial plexus join to?

A

Posterior

128
Q

What too terminal branch roots join to form the medial nerve?

A

Lateral and medial roots from lateral and medial cords respectively.

MSK (17 decks)

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