Upper limb anatomy Flashcards
What are the four regions of the upper limb?
Shoulder
Arm
Forearm
Hand
What bones are found in the upper limb?
Scapula Clavicle Humerus Radius Ulna Bones of the hand
How many bones are there in the hand?
27
Name the bones of the hand.
Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform Hamate Capitate Trapezoid Trapezium Metacarpals Phalanges
What are the compartments of the hand?
Thenar eminence
Hypothenar eminence
Lumbricals
Interossei
How many muscles are found in the thenar eminence?
3
What three muscles are found in the thenar eminence and what is their function?
Abductor pollicis brevis- Abduct thumb
Flexor pollicis brevis- Flex thumb
Opponens pollicis- Oppose thumb
What nerve supplies the thenar compartment of the hand?
Medial nerve
How many muscles are found in the hypothenar compartment of the hand?
3
What three muscles are found in the hypothenar compartment of the hand and what is their function?
Abductor digiti minimi brevis- Abduct little finger
Flexor digiti minimi brevis- Flex little finger
Opponens digiti minimi- Oppose little finger
What nerve supplies the hypothenar compartment of the hand?
Deep branch of the ulnar nerve
How many lumbricals are there in the hand?
4
What do the lumbricals do?
Flex metacarpocarpal (MCC) joints Extend interphalangeal (IP) joints
What are the lumbricals innervated by?
1st and 2nd- Ulnar nerve
3rd and 4th- Medial Nerve
Where do the lumbricals originate?
Tendons of flexor digitorum profundus
Where do the lumbricals insert?
Phalanges of fingers
What are the two kinds of interossei muscle?
Dorsal
Palmer
What nerve innervates the interossei muscles?
Ulnar nerve
What doe the dorsal interossei muscles do?
Abduct fingers
What do the palmar interossei muscles do?
Adduct fingers
Where do the interossei muscles originate?
Metacarpals
Where do the interossei muscles insert?
proximal phalanges of fingers
What does abduction of the thumb look like?
Forwards
What does adduction of the thumb look like?
In line with fingers
What does extension of the thumb look like?
Laterally away
What does flexion of the thumb look like?
Thumb on palm
What does opposition of the thumb look like?
Thumb to little finger
What is repositioning of the thumb?
Moving the thumb back to normal after opposing it
What four carpals are involved in the carpal tunnel?
Hamate, capitate, trapezoid and trapezium
What nerve passes through the carpal tunnel?
Median
What are the symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome?
Weakness in thenar muscles
Loss of sensation in digits 1-2 and half of 4
What are the two main arteries found in the hand?
Deep palmar arch
Superficial palmar arch
Which in the main artery feeding into the deep palmar arch?
Radial artery
What is the main artery feeding into the superficial palmar arch?
Ulnar artery
What three bones are involved in the shoulder?
Humerus
Scapula
Clavicle
What are the three joints found in the shoulder?
Sternoclavicular (saddle)
Acromioclavicular (Plane)
Glenohumeral (ball and socket)
What is the only bone to bone link of the upper limb to the body?
Sternoclavicular (saddle)
What is the purpose of the clavicle?
To prevent the shoulder collapsing forwards when reaching forwards.
Name five key features of the scapula.
Acromion Coracoid process Spine of scapula Glenoid cavity Inferior angle
Name the three fossae of the scapula.
Subscapular
Supraspinous
Infraspinous
Give another name for the shoulder region?
Pectoral girdle.
What attaches to the coracoid process?
Coracoclavicular ligaments and pectoralis minor
How many muscles are involved in moving the scapula?
7
Name the seven muscles involved in moving the scapula and give their function.
Trapezius- Retract Rhomboid minor and major- Rotate down Levator Scapulae- Lift scapula Subclavian- Depress Pectoralis minor- Depress Serratus Anterior- Pull forwards
What does the trapezius do, where is it found and what is it innervated by?
Retract scapula
Back
CNXI
What does the rhomboid minor and major do, where is it found and what is it innervated by?
Rotate scapula down
Back
Dorsal Scapular Nerve
What does the levator scapulae do, where is it found and what is it innervated by?
Lift scapula
Back/neck
Dorsal Scapular Nerve
What does the subclavian do, where is it found and what is it innervated by?
Depress scapula
Shoulder/chest
Subclavian nerve
What does the pectoralis minor do, where is it found and what is it innervated by?
Depress clavicle
Chest
Pectoral nerve
What does the serratus anterior do, where is it found and what is it innervated by?
Pulls scapula forwards
Chest/sides
Long thoracic nerve
What does paralysis of the long thoracic nerve give rise to?
WInged scapula
Mnemonic for muscles that move the scapula (anterior to posterior)
Sir Please Stop Letting Rhinoceroses Roam Too
How many rotator cuff muscles are there?
4
Name the four rotator cuff muscles
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
Subscapularis
What is the mnemonic for remembering the rotator cuffs and order they are found on the humerus?
SSITS- From anterior lesser tuberosity to greater tuberosity
What is the one function all rotator cuff muscles have in common?
To stabilize the glenohumeral joint and keep the humerus in place.
What action does the supraspinatus muscle do?
0-15 degree abduction
What action does the infraspinatus and teres minor muscles do?
External rotation of arm
What action does the subscapularis do?
Medial rotation of arm
How much of the humeral head is in contact with the glenoid fossa at any one time?
1/3
Name the three axioappendicular muscles involved in the movement of the arm.
Deltoid
Pectoralis Major
Latissimus dorsi
How many axioappendicular muscles move the arm?
3
What is the action of the deltoid?
Abduction of arm
What is the action of pectoralis major?
Adduction, internal rotation and flexion of arm
What is the action of latissimus dorsi?
Adduction, internal rotation and extension of arm
What two muscles are responsible so abducting the arm?
Suprascapularis and deltoid
What two muscles are responsible for externally rotating the arm?
Infraspinatus and teres minor
What three muscles are responsible for internally/medially rotating the arm?
Subscapularis, pec major and lat dorsi
What two muscles are responsible for flexion of the arm?
Pec major and coracobrachialis
What two muscles are responsible for extension of the arm?
Lat dorsi and triceps
How many muscles are in the anterior compartment of the arm?
3
What are the three muscles found in the anterior compartment of the arm and what are their actions?
Biceps brachii- flexion of elbow, supination of forearm and stabilization of shoulder.
Brachialis- Flex elbow joint
Coracobrachialis- Flex and adduct glenohumeral joint
What three muscles are responsible for adduction of the arm?
Coracobrachialis, pec major and lat dorsi.
What nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the arm?
Musculocutaneous
How many compartments are there in the arm?
2:
Anterior
Posterior
How many muscles are found in the posterior compartment of the arm?
1
What muscle is found in the posterior compartment of the arm?
Triceps brachii
What nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the arm?
Radial nerve
What is the function of the triceps brachii?
To extend the arm and forearm.
Name six boney features of interest on the humerus.
Greater tuberosity Lesser tuberosity Medial epicondyle Lateral epicondyle Olecranon fossa Coranoid fossa
What occupies the olecranon fossa?
Olecranon of ulna
Name the three muscle and nerve grooves and tuberosity of interest in the humerus.
Bicipital groove
Radial groove
Deltoid tuberosity
What occupies the coronoid fossa?
The coronoid process of the ulna.
What two bones make up the forearm?
Radius and ulna
What are the two parts of the articular surface of the humerus in the elbow joint called?
Capitulum
Trochlear
What articulates with the capitulum of the humerus?
Radius
What articulates with the trochlear of the humerus?
Ulna
What two ligaments are responsible for keeping the elbow joint together?
Radial collateral ligament
Ulnar collateral ligament
What bone allows for the pronation and supination of the forearm?
Radius
Which forearm bone is lateral and which medial in the anatomical position?
Radius- lateral
Ulna- Medial
How many compartments are there in the forearm?
2:
Anterior and posterior
How many layers of muscle are there in the anterior compartment of the forearm?
3:
Superficial
Intermediate
Deep
How many muscle are there in the anterior superficial compartment of the forearm?
4
What are the four muscles found in the superficial compartment of the forearm and what is their function?
Pronator teres- Pronates forearm
Flexor carpi radialis- Flexes and abducts wrist
Flexor carpi ulnaris- Flexes and adducts wrist
Palmaris longus- Flexes wrist
What is the only muscle in the anterior forearm that is not innervated by the median nerve and what nerve innervates it?
Flexor carpi ulnaris- ulnar nerve
What nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the forearm?
Median nerve
How many muscles are found in the intermediate layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm?
1
What muscle is found in the intermediate layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm and what does it do?
Flexor digitorum superficialis- Flexes fingers
How many muscles are found in the deep layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm?
3
What muscle is found in the deep layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm and what do they do?
Flexor pollicis longus- Flexes thumb
Flexor digitorum profundus- Flexes wrist and fingers
Pronator quadratus- Pronates forearm
How many layers of muscle are there in the posterior compartment of the forearm?
2
Superficial and deep
What muscles are found in the superficial posterior compartment of the forearm and what is their function?
Brachioradialis- flex elbow and super and pronate
Anconeus- Abducts ulna
Extensor carpi radialis longus- Extends and abducts wrist
Extensor digitorum- Extends fingers, wrist and elbow
Extensor carpi ulnaris- Extends and adducts wrist
Extensor carpi radialis brevis- Extends and abducts wrist
Extensor digiti minimi- Extends wrist and little finger
What nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the forearm?
Radial nerve
What muscles are found in the deep layer of the posterior compartment of the arm and what is their function?
Supinator- Supination Abductor Pollicis longus- Abduct thumb Extensor pollicis longus- Extension of thumb Extensor pollicis brevis- Extends thumb Extensor indicis- Extends index finger
What blood vessel first supplies the upper limb?
Subclavian artery
What does the subclavian artery turn in to?
Axillary artery
What does the axillary artery turn into?
Brachial artery
What does the brachial artery branch into?
Radial and ulnar arteries
Which palmar arch does the radial artery supply?
Deep palmar arch
Which palmar arch does the ulnar artery supply?
Superficial palmar arch
What are the elbow anastomosis?
Anastomoses of the blood vessels around the elbow to allow blood flow when the elbow is bent.
How many anastomoses are there in the scapula?
2
What are the three anastomoses in the scapula?
Suprascapular
Dorsal Scapular
Circumflex scapular
Describe the blood flow through the arm.
Subclavian, axillary, brachial, radial and ulnar, deep and superficial arches
Where do the nerves of the upper limb enter it?
At the brachial plexus
What levels does the brachial plexus originate from?
C5-T1
Where is the brachial plexus located?
Medial arm
How does the brachial plexus travel?
Wrapped round the brachial artery
The tendons of which muscles are involved in the carpal tunnel?
Flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor pollicis longus
What are the five orders of the brachial plexus?
Roots, Trunks, Divisions, Cords, Terminal Branches
What two additional nerves branch off the roots of the brachial plexus?
Long Thoracic Nerve and Dorsal Scapular Nerve
How many nerve roots are there in the brachial plexus?
5
How many trunks are there in the brachial plexus?
3:
Superior
Middle
Inferior
How many divisions are there in the brachial plexus?
6:
3 anterior
3 posterior
How many cords are there in the brachial plexus?
3
Lateral
Posterior
Medial
What 5 nerves of the upper limb constitute the terminal branches of the brachial plexus?
Musculocutaneous Axillary Radial Median Ulnar
What cord do all the posterior divisions of the brachial plexus join to?
Posterior
What too terminal branch roots join to form the medial nerve?
Lateral and medial roots from lateral and medial cords respectively.
