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MSK > Bone and cartilage physiology and histology > Flashcards

Bone and cartilage physiology and histology Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the basics of cartilage

A

Semi-rigid, permeable, and deformable avascular tissue.

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2
Q

Describe the basics of bone

A

Rigid non-permeable tissue

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3
Q

What are the key components of cartilage?

A

Chondrocytes (chondroblasts when immature)
Extracellular matrix:
Water- 75%
Organic material- 25%

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4
Q

What are the two organic materials found in cartilage ECM?

A

Type II collagen- 60%

Proteoglycan aggregates- 40%

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5
Q

What is the role of proteoglycan aggregates in cartilage?

A

To attract water to help resist compression.

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6
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline- Blue/White and translucent
Elastic- Yellow
Fibrocartilage- Intermediate between hyaline and tendon.

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7
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

At the junction between tendons and bone.

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8
Q

What makes elastic cartilage unique?

A

Collagen is replaced with elastin.

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9
Q

Where can elastic cartilage be found?

A

Ear pinna etc

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10
Q

Where can hyaline cartilage be found?

A 
Articular surfaces
Tracheal rings
Costal cartilage 
Epiphyseal growth plates
Precursor to boney features
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11
Q

What does endochondral bone derive from?

A

A hyaline cartilage template.

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12
Q

How does endochondral bone form?

A

The diaphysis slowly ossifies and extends at the epiphyseal growth plate until the bone reaches its required length then the whole lot ossifies.

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13
Q

What are the 4 major parts of a growing endochondral bone?

A

Diaphysis- Shaft
Metaphysis- Area between diaphysis and epiphysis that contains the EGP
Epiphysis- End of bone
Epiphyseal growth plate- Area of growth and ossification.

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14
Q

What are the two types of bone?

A

Cortical- Compact, dense and strong.

Trabecular- Spongy, weaker and light.

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15
Q

What is hollow bone?

A

Bone with a cavity in the middle for bone marrow.

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16
Q

What are the two types of bone marrow?

A

Red- produces blood.

Yellow- Does not produce blood.

17
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

A sheath of fibrous connective tissue surrounding bones. It is well vascularised and innervated.

18
Q

What are the four chemical components of bone?

A

Water- 10%
Type 1 Collagen- 23%
Non-collagen proteins- 2%
Bioapatite- 65%

19
Q

What is the basic unit of bone?

A

Osteon

20
Q

What demarcates the outer boundary of the osteon?

A

Cement line

21
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

Periosteum lining the inside of the bone.

22
Q

Describe an osteon.

A

Compact tubes of layered bone running the length of the bone.

23
Q

What is a Haversion canal?

A

A canal running down the middle of an osteon to supply it with blood etc.

24
Q

What lies in the centre of an osteon?

A

A Haversion canal.

25
Q

What is a Wolkmann’s canal?

A

A canal linking the Haversion canals of two osteons.

26
Q

What links osteons?

A

Wolkmann’s canal.

27
Q

Are osteocytes found in osteons?

A

Yes

28
Q

How are osteocytes supplied?

A

Through tiny blood vessels leading off the Haversion canal. Works for up to 250microM.

29
Q

What lines Haversion and Wolkmann’s canals?

A

Osteonal Endosteum.

30
Q

What is the osteonal endosteum?

A

A continuation of the periosteum lining the Haversion and Wolkmann’s canals.

31
Q

How does trabecular bone differ from cortical bone?

A

It lacks osteons as bone is a lot thinner.

32
Q

What is bone remodelling?

A

The process by which bone is replaced.

33
Q

Give an overview of bone remodelling.

A

Osteoclasts clump together and drill through bone.
Blood vessels form in its wake.
Osteoblasts travel through blood vessel and form new bone.

34
Q

What do osteoblasts secrete to form new bone?

A

Collagen and osteoid (organic components) which mineralise.

35
Q

What is woven bone?

A

Bone containing disorganised collagen that is fast to produce for healing and is then remodelled over time to laminar bone.

MSK (17 decks)

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