Upper Limb Flashcards
At which joint does the scapula articulate with the humerus?
The glenohumeral joint
At what joint does the scapula articulate with the clavicle?
The acromioclavical joint
What shape is the scapula and what type of bone?
Triangular flat bone
State the name of the concave depression that covers most of the costal(anterior) surface of the scapula?
The subscapula fossa
Where does the subscapularis muscle articulate from?
The costal surface (subscapular fossa) of the scapula
Where is the Coracoid process?
What is its general shape
Originates from the superolateral surface of the costal scapula
Hook like projection which lies just beneath the clavicle
Which muscles attach to the coracoid process?
The short head of the biceps brachii and the pectoralis minor
Corcacobrachialis muscle
Where on the scapula is the site of the glenohumeral joint?
Glenoid fossa
Where is the supraglenoid tubercle in relation to the glenoid fossa?
Superior of the glenoid fossa
Where does the head of the biceps brachii attach on the scapula?
The supraglenoid tubercle
What is the attachment of the long head of the tricep brachii on the scapula? Where is this in relation to the glenoid fossa?
The infraglenoid tubercle immediately superior the the glenoid fossa
On what surface of the scapula is the site of attachment for the majority of the rotator cuff muscles of the shoulder?
The posterior surface
What divides the posterior surface of the scapula into two surfaces? Name the two surfaces
The spine Infraspinous fossa (inferior) Supraspinous fossa (superior)
Where does the infraspinous muscle originate from?
The infraspinous fossa
Where does the supraspinous muscle originate from?
The supraspinous fossa
Where is the the acromion in relation to the glenoid fossa?
What does it articulate to?
It is a projection of the spine which arches over the glenohumeral joint
Articulates with the clavicle
What two bones articulate with the clavicle?
The sternum and the acromion of the scapula
What type of bone is the clavicle?
Long bone
What are the 3 main functions of the clavicle?
Attaches the upper limb to trunk
Protects the upper neurovascular structures supplying the upper limb
Transmits force from the upper limb to the axial skeleton
What shape is the clavicle bone
Slender bone with an s shape
State the name of the two ends of the clavicle and whether they are concave or convex
Lateral end is the acromial end (concave)
Medial end is eternal end (convex)
What is the name of the joint between the sternal end of the clavicle and the sternum?
Sternoclavicular joint
What is the shaft of the clavicle and which muscles is it associated with?
Part between the two ends
Deltoid Trapezius Subclavius Pectoralis major Sternocleidomastoid Sternohyoid
Name the joint between the scapula and the clavicle?
Acromioclavicle joint
Which two ligaments attach to the acromial end of the clavicle? State the landmarks on the clavicle
Conoid ligament (medial part of the coracoclavicular ligament)
Landmark is conoid tubercle
Trapezoid ligament (lateral part of the coracoclavicular ligament)
Landmark is the trapezoid line
What is the role of the coracoclavicular ligament?
Very strong structure which suspends the weight of the upper limb from the clavicle
Where on the humerus is the glenohumeral joint?
Proximal region (head)
What are the 3 main parts of the humerus?
Proximal region, shaft and distal region
Where is the head of the humerus?
Medial and superior part of the humerus within the proximal region
How is the head connected to the two tubercles of the humerus?
Via the anatomical neck
State the name of the 3 rotator cuff muscles which attach to the greater tubercle of the humerus
Supraspinatus, infraspinatus and teres minor
Where on the humerus is the greater tubercle?
The lateral and superior part of the proximal region
Has a posterior and anterior part
Where is the lesser tubercle in relation to the greater tubercle?
More medially located on the bone and only has an anterior face
What muscle attaches to the lesser tubercle of the humerus?
Subscapularis (rotator cuff muscle)
State the name of the groove between the two tubercles in the proximal region of the humerus?
What runs through this groove?
Intertubercular sulcus
The tendon of the long head of biceps brachii
What attaches to the lips (edges) of the intertubercular sulcus?
Tendons of the pectoralis major, teres major and latissimus dorsi
Where does the surgical neck of the humerus run to and from?
The tubercles to the shaft
What are the bony landmarks of the shaft of the humerus? Where are they? What attaches to these landmarks?
Deltoid tuberosity - lateral side, deltoid muscles attach here
Radial groove - runs diagonally down the posterior surface of the humerus shaft, parallel to the deltoid tuberosity.
Radial nerve and profunda brachii artery lie in this groove
Name the 4 muscles that attach to the anterior part of the humerus
Coracobrachialis, deltoid, brachialis, brachioradialis
Name the muscles that attach to the posterior surface of the humerus
Medial and lateral heads of the triceps
State the name give to the ridges on the lateral and medial sides of the distal region of the humerus?
What are these attachment sites for? (Just lateral)
Supraepicondylar ridges
Many extensor muscles in the posterior forearm (lateral epicondylar)
What is found distal to the supraepicondylar ridges?
Lateral and medial epicondyles
What part of the distal region does the ulnar nerve pass to reach the forearm?
The posterior side of the medial epicondylar
Where is the trochlea and what does it articulate with?
Located medially and extends onto the posterior of the bone. Inferior part of the distal region of the humerus
Articulates with the ulna
What landmark articulates with the radius? Where is this landmark?
The capitulum
Lateral to the trochlear
Which three regions on the distal part of the humerus accommodate the forearm bones during movement at the elbow? (Fossa)
Coroniod, radial and olecranon fossae
Which muscles are involved in pronation?
Pronator teres (larger) Pronator quadratus
Which muscles are involved in supernation?
Supernator
Bicep
Which muscles are involved in flexion of the wrist
Flexor carpi radialis
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Palmaris longus (smaller)
What does the radius articulate with at the elbow joint?
The capitulum of the humerus
What does the radius articulate with at the proximal radioulnar joint?
Radial head articulates with the radial notch of the ulna
What does the radius articulate with at the wrist joint
Carpal bones (scaphoid and lunate)
What part of the ulna does the radius articulate with at the distal radioulnar joint?
The ulnar notch on the radius articulates with the head of the ulna
Where is the radial tuberosity and which muscle attaches to it?
Proximal region of the radius inferior to the neck.
Bicep brachii muscle
Where is the stylist process on the radius?
Distal region and lateral side
Where abouts is the ulnar notch on the radius?
Distal region and medial surface
On what part of the humerus does the ulna articulate with?
Trochlea of the humerus
What is the name of the bony landmark of the ulna with this description: “a larger projection of bone that extends proximally, forming part of the trochlear notch. It can be palpated at the tip of the elbow and is the site of attachment for the triceps brachii muscle”
Olecranon
Where is the coronoid process?
Proximal portion of the ulna
Ridge of bone projects outwards anteriorly forming part of the trochlear notch
Which parts of the ulna is the trochlear notch made of?
Coronoid process
Olecranon
Where is the radial notch
On the lateral surface of the proximal region of the trochlear notch on the ulna
Where does the brachialis muscle attach?
Tuberosity of ulna
The anterior surface of the shaft of the ulna is an attachment site for which muscle?
Pronator quadratus muscle
What is the interosseous?
A border of the ulna which is the site of attachment for the interosseous membrane, which spans the distance between the two forearm bones
What are the 3 muscles in the anterior compartment of the upper arm?
Biceps branchii
Brachialis
Coracobrachialis
What is the innervation for the muscles of the anterior compartment of the upper arm?
Musculocutaneous nerve
What is the arterial supply for the anterior compartment of the upper arm?
Muscular branches of the brachial artery
What is the name of the connective tissue sheet given off as the tendon of bicep brachii enters the forearm?
Bicipital aponeurosis
Where does the bicep brachii originate from and attach too?
Long head
From the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula to the radial tuberosity and the fascia of the forearm (via bicipital aponeurosis
Short head - from the coracoid process of the scapula to radial tuberosity ect
Function of biceps branchii
Supination of upper arm
Flexes arm at elbow and at the shoulder
Which muscle in the anterior compartment of the upper arm is innervated by both the musculocutaneous nerve and the radial nerve?
The brachialis
How do you test for spinal cord segment C6?
Relaxing the biceps tendon
Where does the coracobrachialis muscle lay with respect to the biceps brachii?
Deep
Where does the coracobrachialis muscle originate from and go to?
From the coracoid process of the scapula. Passes through the axilla to the medial side of the humeral shaft (at the level of the deltoid tubercle)
What are the functions of the coracobrachialis?
Flexion of the arm at the shoulder
Weak adduction
Where is the brachialis muscle compared to the other muscles in the upper arm?
Deep to the biceps brachii and most distal?
Which muscle forms the floor of the cubital fossa?
Brachialis
Which muscle forms the roof of the cubital fossa?
Biceps branchii
Function of the brachialis muscle?
Flexion at the elbow
Which head of the triceps brachii muscle lies most deep?
Medial head
What is the arterial supply to the posterior compartment of the upper arm?
Profunda brachii artery
Where do the heads of the tricep originate from?
Long head - infraglenoid tubercle
Lateral head - humerus (superior to the radial grove)
Medial head - humerus (inferior to the radial grove)
Where do the triceps brachii muscle insert?
Olecranon of the ulna
What are the functions of the tricep brachii?
Extension of the arm at the elbow
What is the innervation for the triceps
Radial nerve
How do you test for spinal segment C7?
Tap on the triceps tendon
Name the two superficial extrinsic muscles of the shoulder?
The trapezius and latissimus dorsi
What is the thenar eminence?
What are they responsible for?
The bellies of the three thenar muscles produce a bulge called the thenar eminence
Fine movements of the thumb
What nerve innervates the thenar muscles?
The median nerve
What are the three thenar muscles ?
Opponens pollicis
Abductor pollicis brevis
Flexor pollicis brevis
Which thenar muscle is the largest and also lies most deep?
Opponens pollicis
What are the attachments for opponens pollicis?
It originates from the trapezium and the associated flexor retinaculum.
Inserts onto the lateral side of the metacarpal of the thumb
What is the action of opponens pollicis?
Opposes the thumb by medially rotating and flexing the metacarpal on the trapezium
What are the attachment points for abductor pollicis brevis?
Originates from the scaphoid and the trapezium and the associated flexor retinaculum.
Attaches to the lateral side of the proximal phalanx
What are the attachment sites for the flexor pollicis brevis?
Originates from the tubercle of the trapezium and the associated flexor retinaculum
Attaches to the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb
What is the hypothenar eminence?
Produced by the hypothenar muscles
A muscular protrusion on the medial side of the palm, at the base of the little finger
What are the 3 hypothenar muscles
Opponens digiti minimi
Abductor digiti minimi
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
What are the attachments for the opponens digiti minimi?
Originates from the hook of the hamate and associated flexor retinaculum
Attaches to the medial side of metacarpal V
Place the hypothenar muscles in order from superficial to deep
Abductor digiti minimi
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Opponens digiti minimi
What is the action of the opponens digiti minimi?
Rotates the metacarpal of the little finger towards the palm
Producing Opposition
What are the attachments of the abductor digiti minimi?
Originates from the pisiform and the tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris
Inserts onto the proximal phalanx of the little finger
What nerve innervates all the hypothenar muscles?
The ulnar nerve
What are the attachments for flexor digiti minimi brevis?
Originates from the hook of the hamate and associated flexor retinaculum
Attaches to the base of the proximal phalanx of the little finger
What is the action of flexor digiti minimi brevis?
Flexes the metacarpal joint of the little finger
How many lumbricals in the hand?
What do they do?
4
Attach the flexor and extensor tendons and are crucial to finger movement
What is are the attachments of the limbricals?
Each lumbrical originates from one of the tendons of flexor digitorum profundus
Pass dorsally and laterally around each finger and insert on the extensor hood
Name the 4 lumbricals from medial to lateral
1 unipennate
2 unipennate
3 Bipennate
4 bipennate
What are the actions of the lumbricals?
Flexion at the metacarpal joints and the IP joints of each finger
What is the innervation for the lumbricals?
Middle two are innervated by the ulnar never and the lateral two are innervated by the median nerve
