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GI System > Upper GI Tract Structure and Function > Flashcards

Upper GI Tract Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

How is chewing controlled?

A

Voluntary by somatic nerves affecting the skeletal muscles of the jaw and mouth or via the reflex contraction of jaw muscles Negative feedback

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2
Q

How does the alimentary canal increase surface area?

A

Villi

These villi then have microvilli on the apical surface of the epithelial cells

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3
Q

What is the distance between the pharynx and the stomach?

A

Approximatelly 25cm

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4
Q

What are the four layers of the oesophagus?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis Externa
Adventitia

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5
Q

What lines the mucosa?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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6
Q

What do submucosal mucous glands lead to?

A

Ducts and lubrication

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7
Q

How is the muscularis externa of the oesophagus separated?

A

Superior 1/3 skeletal muscle so we can initiate swallowing

Inferior 2/3 is smooth muscle

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8
Q

What regulates material movement in the oesophagus?

A

Upper and lower oesophageal sphincters

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9
Q

Describe the oral phase of swallowing?

A

Bolus pushed to the back of the mouth by the tongue

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10
Q

Describe the pharyngeal phase of the of swallowing?

A

Bolus causes a sequence of reflex contractions by the pharyngeal muscles and the soft palate is reflected backward and upward - Closing off the nasopharynx

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11
Q

What happens when the bolus approaches the UOS?

A

Sphincter relaxes and epiglottis covers the larynx opening

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12
Q

Why does the epiglottis cover the larynx?

A

Prevent food entering the trachea

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13
Q

What does the UOS do when food is in the oesophagus?

A

UOS contracts preventing a food reflux

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14
Q

What happens in the oesophageal phase of swallowing?

A

Bolus is pushed to stomach via peristaltic waves

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15
Q

What happens when bolus nears the LOS?

A

It relaxes allowing food in

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16
Q

What happens after the LOS relaxes?

A

Stomach relaxes

17
Q

What causes the stomach to relax?

A

Innervation of the thin elastic smooth muscle of the gastric fundus and body via the vagus nerve

18
Q

What are the main functions of the stomach?

A

Temporary store of ingested material
Dissolve food particles and start digestion
Control content delivery to the duodenum - Preventing dumping syndrome
Sterilise ingested material
Produce intrinsic factor

19
Q

What is the serosa of the stomach like?

A

Connective tissue outer layer

20
Q

What are the three layers of the Muscularis Externae?

A

Longitudinal (Outer)
Circular (Middle)
Oblique (Inner)

21
Q

What are the submucosa and mucosa like when empty and what happens when the stomach fills?

A

They are folded (=Rugae) and they stretch as the stomach fills

22
Q

What is the lumenal surface like?

A

Surface mucous cells become gastric pits which turn into gastric glands creating a mucus neck
Parietal and chief cells

GI System (38 decks)

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