Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Surgery > Upper GI Surgery > Flashcards

Upper GI Surgery Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of Upper GI Bleed

A

Bleeding proximal to the ligament of Tretz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Etiology of Upper GI Bleed

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Investigations in Upper GI bleeding

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Upper GI Bleed Emergency Treatment

A
  • Wide-bore (18-22G) IV cannula in each antecubital fossa

+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Definition of a Massive Hemorage?

A

Definition of massive haemorrhage:

  • > 10U RCC in 24hrs
  • > 4U RCC in less than 1 hour
  • Replacement of 50% or more of total circulating volume within 3 hours
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Lethal Triad of Hemorage?

A
  • Acidosis
  • Coagulopathy
  • Hypothermia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

3 Principles of Massive Transfusion Protocol (MTP)

A

Principle 1: Blood products are transfused in 1:1:1 ratio (RCC:FFP:Platelets).

Principle 2: Target a low-normal blood pressure (e.g. MAP of 60mmHG), especially in variceal bleeding where over-resuscitation may disrupt formed clot and propagate bleeding (termed permissive hypotension).

Principle 3: Avoid fluid resuscitation with crystalloids to prevent volume overload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Intraluminal Causes of Dysphagia? (2)

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Intramural Causes of Dysphagia? (5+3)

A

Also:

  • Esophageal Rupture
  • Mallory-Weis Tears
  • Esophageal Ulceration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Extraluminal Causes of Dysphagia? (3)

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Upper GI investigations? (7)

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Pathophysiology of Hiatus Hernia

A

Displacement of part or all of the stomach through the oesophageal hiatus due to widening of the diaphragmatic crura at the oesophageal hiatus and stretching the phrenoesophageal membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Types of Hiatal Hernias and Predominating Symptoms

A
  • Type 1: GERD Symptoms Predominate
  • Type 2-4: Obstructive Symptoms predominate (Emergency surgery needed 1% => 5% Mortality)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Clinical Features of Hiatal Hernia?

Associated Triad?

A
  • Type 1: GERD Symptoms Predominate
  • Type 2-4: Obstructive Symptoms predominate (Emergency surgery needed 1% => 5% Mortality)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Complications of Hiatal Hernia?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Risk Factors of Hiatal Hernia?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Investigations for a Hiatal Hernia?

A
  • CXR
  • Contrast Swallow
  • CT TAP
  • High-Resolution Manometry
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Treatment of Hiatal Hernia

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Pathophysiology of GORD?

A

Combination of:

  • Transient increase in abdominal pressure (Cough/strain)
  • Loss of Anti-Reflux Mechanisms:
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

History and Presentation of GORD?

  • Typical
  • Atytpyical
  • Extra-Esophageal
A

Typical: Heartburn, regurgitation, abdominal pain

Atypical: Bloating, intermittent dysphagia.

Extra-oesophageal: Cough, laryngitis, asthma, dental erosions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Risk factors for GORD?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

GORD Investigations?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Sequelae of GORD?

A
  • Oesophagitis and ulceration
  • Schatzki ring: Ring of tissue near stomach => Narrowing
  • Barrett’s Oesophagus
  • Adenocarcinoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Treatment of GORD (Conservative/Surgical)

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Post Fundoplication Complications?

A
  • Gas Bloat Syndrome (Inability to burp/vomit)
  • Stricture
  • Dysphagia
  • Splenic Injury
  • Esophageal Perferation
  • Phenomthroax
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Types of Fundoplications

A

Toupet - posterior partial fundoplication, often used for patients with oesophageal dysmotility.

Nissen (360) reserved for cases of severe reflux

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Pathophysiology of peptic ulcer disease

  • Aggressive Factors?
  • Protective Factors?
A

Aggressive factors:

  • H. pylori infection
  • NSAIDs
  • hydrochloric acid secretion
  • ethanol ingestion
  • smoking
  • bile reflux
  • ischemia
  • cocaine
  • hypoxia

Protective factors:

  • Mucosal bicarbonate/mucus production
  • blood flow
  • growth factors
  • cell renewal
  • endogenous prostaglandins
28
Q

H. Pylori

  • Proportion of Duodenal/Gastric Ulcers?
  • Pathophysiology?
  • Associations?
A
29
Q

Gastric vs. Duodenal Ulcers?

A
30
Q

Sequalae of Peptic Ulcers?

A
31
Q

Investigations for Peptic Ulcer Disease?

A
32
Q

Treatment of Peptic Ulcer Disease

A
33
Q

Definition/Complications of Barret’s Esophagus

A

Metaplasia of the distal esophagus with replacement of stratified squamous by columnar epithelium

  • Progression to oesophageal adenocarcinoma (0.33% of those with Intestinal metaplasia)
  • Men with Barrett’s Oesophagus develop cancer at twice the rate of women.
34
Q

Classification of Barrett’s Esophagus?

A

The Prague classification is used to standardize the extent of Barrett’s oesophagus. C is the proximal (highest) circumferential margin, M is the proximal Barrett’s tongue, both are measured in cm (e.g. C3M5).

35
Q

Treatment of Barrett’s Esophgus

A
36
Q

Indications for Barrett’s endoscopic SCREENING?

A
37
Q

Barrett’s Esophagus Surveilance Interval

A
38
Q

Pathophysiology of Achalasia

A

Most common primary motility disorder of the esophagus

The lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) fails to relax in response to a peristaltic wave => progressive neuronal loss in the myenteric plexus

39
Q

Presentaiton of Achalasia?

A
40
Q

Complications of Achalasia?

A
41
Q

Investigations for Achalasia

Classification System?

A
42
Q

Classification System for Achalasia?

A
43
Q

Treatment of Achalasia

A
44
Q

Investigations/Treatment of Diffuse Esophageal Spasm

A
45
Q

Adenocarcinoma vs. Squamous Cell Carcinoma?

  • Definition
  • Epidemiology
  • Pathophysiology
  • Location
  • Risk Factors
A
46
Q

Presentation of Oesophageal Cancers?

A
47
Q

Investigations for Diagnosis and TNM staging of Esophogeal Cancers?

A
48
Q

Classification/Treatment of Esophogeal Junction Cancer

A

Siewert Classification:

  • Type 1 (distal oesophagus): 5cm Oesophagectomy and Proximal Gastrectomy
  • Type 2 (cardia): Transhiatal/transthoracic oesophagectomy or extended total gastrectomy
  • Type 3 (proximal stomach): Transhiatal extended total gastrectomy
49
Q

Complications of Oesophagectomy?

A
50
Q

Types of Gastric Cancer? (3)

A
51
Q

Types of Gastric Neuroendocrine Tumors?

A
52
Q

Progression to Malignancy of Gastric Adenocarcinoma

A
53
Q

Presentation of Gastric Malignancy

A
54
Q

Risk Factors for Gastric Malignancy

A
55
Q

Investigations for Gastric Malignancy

  • When is OGD Urgent?
A
56
Q

Signs of Advanced Gastric Malignancy?

A
57
Q

Complications of Gastrectomy?

A
58
Q

Types of Gastric Bypass Operations?

A
59
Q

Indications/Contraindications for Gastric Bypass?

A
60
Q

Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB)

  • Procedure
  • Why it is effective for weight loss
  • Expected Weight Loss
A
61
Q

Sleeve Gastrectomy

  • Procedure
  • Why it is effective for weight loss
  • Expected Weight Loss
A
62
Q

Gastric Band

  • Procedure
  • Why it is effective for weight loss
  • Expected Weight Loss
A
63
Q

Biliopancreatic Diversion w/ Duodenal Switch

  • Procedure
  • Why it is effective for weight loss
  • Expected Weight Loss
A
64
Q

Outcomes of Bariatric Surgery?

A
65
Q

Complications of Bariatric Surgery (Early/Late)

A

Clinical Surgery (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions