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326 Exam 3 (Cardiology,GI,Endocrine) > Upper GI Disorders > Flashcards

Upper GI Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Upper GI

A

Esophagus
Stomach
Beginning of small Intestines

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2
Q

Lower GI

A

Small intestines
Colon
Large Intestines
Rectum/Anus

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3
Q

Dysphagia Definition

A

Difficulty swallowing

-Begins with solids and progresses to liquids

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4
Q

Common Causes of Dysphagia

A
  1. Mechanical obstruction
    - Stenosis
    - Diverticula
    - Tumors
  2. Neuromuscular dysfunction
    - CVA (stroke)
    - Achalasia (LES can’t open properly)
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5
Q

LES

A

Lower Esophageal Sphincter

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6
Q

GERD is a problem with the…

A

Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES)

-

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7
Q

GERD Etiology

A

Anything that alters closure strength of LES or increases abdominal pressure

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8
Q

GERD Foods + Irritating Factors

A 
Fatty foods
Spicy foods
Tomato based
Citrus
Caffeine
Excess alcohol
Cigarettes
Sleep Position
Obesity
Pregnancy
Certain drugs
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9
Q

GERD: Manifestations

A 
Pyrosis (heartburn)
Dyspepsia (indigestion or pain in stomach)
Regurgitation
Chest pain
Dysphagia
Pulmonary symptoms
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10
Q

Other GERD Manifestations

A

Mouth

  • tooth decay
  • gingivitis
  • bad breath

Chest

  • Chronic cough
  • Worsening asthma
  • Recurrent PNA

Abdomen

  • Bloating
  • Belching

Ears
-Earache

Throat

  • Hoarseness
  • chronic sore throat
  • Throat clearing
  • Laryngitis
  • Lump in throat
  • Post nasal drip
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11
Q

GERD Complications

A

Ulcerations
Scarring
Strictures
Barret’s esophagus

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12
Q

Barrett’s

A

Development of abnormal Metaplastic tissue

  • 3x risk for adenocarcinoma
  • Overall survival only 17%
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13
Q

Upper GI: Hiatal Hernia

A

Defect in diaphragm that allows part of the STOMACH to pass into the THORAX

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14
Q

2 types of Hiatal Hernia

A
  1. Sliding Hernia- usually small and often no treatment needed
  2. Paraoesophageal- part of stomach pushes through the diaphragm and stays there
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15
Q

Hiatal Hernia: Patho (Causes)

A

-Exact Cause unknown
-Age related
-Obesity
-Injury or other damage may weaken the diaphragm
-Repeatedly putting to much pressure on the muscles around the stomach
+Severe coughing
+Vomiting
+Constipation and straining

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16
Q

HH: Symptoms

A
  1. Asymptomatic
  2. Belching
  3. Dysphagia
  4. Chest or epigastric pain
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17
Q

HH Risk Factors

A

Age
Obesity
Smoking

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18
Q

HH treatment

A

MOSTLY CONSERVATIVE

  • small, freq meals, avoid laying after meal
  • avoid tight clothing and abd supports
  • Weight control for obesity
  • Antacids for GERD
  • Surgery if Bad
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19
Q

Inflammatory disorders of the stomach

A

Gastritis
Acute Gastroenteritis
PUD

20
Q

Acute Gastritis

A

TEMPORARY inflammation of stomach lining (Intestines NOT affected)

21
Q

Acute Gastritis Etiology

A

Lasts 2-10 days

  1. Irritating substances (alcohol)
  2. Drugs (NSAIDS)
  3. Infectious Agents
    - H. pylori most common
22
Q

Chronic Gastritis (2 main etiologies)

A

Progressive disorder with chronic inflammation in the stomach

2 Main etiologies

  1. Autoimmune
    - attacks parietal cells
  2. chronic H. Pylori infection
23
Q

How long does chronic gastritis last?

A

Weeks to years

24
Q

Chronic Gastritis Complications

A 
PUD
Bleeding
Ulcers
Anemia
Gastric Cancers
25
Q

H. pylori

A

Helicobacter pylori
(gram -, spiral)
-acidic environment
-Destructive pattern of persistent inflammation

26
Q

How is H. pylori transmitted?

A
  1. person to person via saliva, fecal matter, or vomit

2. Contaminated food or water

27
Q

Acute + Chronic Gastritis Symptoms

A 
None
Anorexia
N/V (w/ or w/o blood)
Postprandial discomfort (after meals)
Intestinal gas
Hematemesis (vomiting blood)
Tarry or black stools 
Anemia
28
Q

Acute Gastroenteritis

A

Inflammation of stomach AND intestine

29
Q

Acute Gastroenteritis: Etiology

A

Viral Infections: norovirus + rotavirus

Bacterial Infections: E. Coli, salmonella, campylobacter

Parasitic infections

30
Q

Acute Gastroenteritis: How long does it last?

A

Usually 1-3 days but may last as long as 10 days

31
Q

Acute Gastroenteritis: Symptoms

A 
Watery Diarrhea 
-bloody if bacterial
Abdominal Pain
N/V
Fever, malaise
32
Q

Acute Gastroenteritis: Major complication

A

Fluid volume deficits

33
Q

Peptic Ulcer Disease

A

Ulcerative disorder of upper GI tract

  • Esophageal
  • Stomach (gastric ulcers)
  • Duodenum (peptic ulcer in first part of small intestine)
34
Q

PUD is from?

A

when GI tract is exposed to acid + H. pylori

35
Q

GI health Balancing Act: Aggressive Factors

A 
H. pylori
NSAIDS
Acid
Pepsin
Smoking
36
Q

GI health Balancing Act: Defensive Factors

A

Mucus
Bicarbonate
Blood flow
Prostaglandins

37
Q

PUD: Etiology (What factors cause it?)

A
  1. H. pylori
  2. Injury Causing Substances
    - NSAIDS, ASA, Alcohol
  3. Excessive secretion of acid
  4. Smoking
  5. Family Hx
  6. Stress (increases acid secretion)
38
Q

PUD: Risk Factors

A
  • Age
  • Higher doses of NSAIDs
  • Hx of PUD
  • Corticosteroids + Anti coags
  • Serious systemic disorders (autoimmune)
  • H. Pylori infection
39
Q

PUD pathogenesis

A

Mucosa is damaged
Histamine is secreted:
-Inc Acid + Pepsin secretion causes further tissue damage
-Vasodilation (edema)
If blood vessels are destroyed, this results in BLEEDING

40
Q

PUD Classification: Duodenal Ulcer

A
  • Most common

- Any age, early adulthood

41
Q

PUD Classification: Gastric/Peptic Ulcer

-What age and why this age?

A

Age: 50-70

WHY This Age?
-Increased use of NSAIDS, corticosteroids, anticoagulants and more likely to have serious system illnesses

42
Q

PUD Clinical Manifestations

A 
Sometimes none
N/V, Anorexia
Weight loss
Bleeding
Burning pain (in middle of abdomen that is usually worse when stomach is EMPTY)
43
Q

PUD: Gastric Ulcer Pain

A

Characteristics: Burning, cramping, gas-like

Location: Epigastrium, back

Timing: 1-2 hours after eating

44
Q

PUD: Duodenal Pain

A

Characteristics: Burning, cramping, gas-like

Location: Epigastrium, back

Timing: 2-4 hours after eating

45
Q

PUD Complications

A

“HOP”

Hemorrhage
Obstruction
Perforation + Peritonitis

326 Exam 3 (Cardiology,GI,Endocrine) (19 decks)

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