Cardiac 1

Question 1

Coronary Artery Disease

Answer 1

Arteries become CLOGGED do to atherosclerosis

Question 2

Coronary arteries branch from?

Answer 2

They branch from the AORTA and feed new blood to the heart tissue itself.

Question 3

CAD: Most important artery that can CLOG

Answer 3

Left Anterior Descending Artery (LAD) or Widow maker

-feeds L-ventricle

Question 4

Problems with the heart

Answer 4

1. Electrical (conduction)
2. Plumbing (artery blockage, spasm, or valve issue)
3. Pump (heart muscle)

Question 5

CAD Statistics

Answer 5

• 1 in 7 deaths
• Umbrella term: people group heart attacks under CAD
• AKA: Coronary Heart Disease

Question 6

CAD: Non-modifiable Risk Factors

Answer 6

Age
Family Hx
Gender 
-males, then females after menopause are equal risk
Ethnicity 
-Black, native, Hispanic
Genetics

Question 7

CAD: Modifiable Risk Factors

Answer 7

1. Hypertension
2. Smoking
3. Diabetes
4. Abdominal Obesity/Inactivity
5. Diet
   - salt, fat, carb
   * *6. Hyperlipidemia
6. Depression/Stress/Anxiety

Question 8

Ischemic Heart Problems

Answer 8

Atherosclerosis develops in the arteries supplying the myocardium ARTERY BLOCKAGE

• Decreased tissue perfusion
• ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNTION
• Heart must work harder

Question 9

CAD: Endothelial Dysfunction

Answer 9

Vessels become NARROWED when they should dilate

Question 10

Causes of Endothelial Dysfunction

Answer 10

DM
HTN
HPL
Smoking

Question 11

Main symptom of CAD

Answer 11

Angina

• May be asymptomatic
• Eventually, as coronary arteries narrow, the decreased blood flow may cause chest pain (angina)

Complete Occlusion: Myocardial Infarction

Question 12

Symptoms of Angina

Answer 12

CHEST PAIN (palpitations)
heart burn
irregular HR
Dizziness
Weakness
Anxiety
Nausea
Cold sweats
Burning sensation

Question 13

Stable Angina

Answer 13

Stable: coronary blood flow is diminsihed but NOT BLOCKED

There is an imbalance between oxygen supply and demand

Question 14

Characteristics of Stable Angina

Answer 14

• Episodic
• Crescendo - Decrescendo
• Occurs on exertion, relieved by rest**
• Pain Lasts 2-5 minutes

Cause: Atherosclerosis

Question 15

Difference between Stable and Unstable angina

Answer 15

Stable: Brought on by EXERTION and relived by REST

Question 16

Anytime someone comes into ER for Chest pain

Answer 16

It’s important to rule out HEART being cause before exploring non-cardiac issues

Question 17

Chest Pain: Cardiac

Answer 17

• “pressure or tightness”
• Diffuse, poorly localized
• Associated with physical exertion or other stress”
• Relieved with rest, within minutes
• Prolonged symptoms may represent an acute coronary syndrome (MI)

Question 18

Chest Pain: Non-Cardiac

Answer 18

• Sharp or stabbing
• Focal, well localized
• May be positional, spontaneous at rest
• No predictable relation to physical exertion
• May last from seconds to even days at a time

Question 19

Atypical Angina: Women

Answer 19

Discomfort

• hot or burning
• Tenderness

Location: Not always in chest

Other Symptoms

• Indigestion
• Heartburn
• Nausea
• Fatigue/weakness
• Lightheadedness
• Dyspnea

Question 20

Angina Pectoris and pain associated with Myocardial Infarction (heart attack symtoms)

Answer 20

• Chest pain not brought on by exertion
• Chest pain may radiate to other areas (arms, jaw, shoulders, back)
• Pain not relieved in 2-5 minutes
• Accompanies by SOA, N/V/ diaphoresis
• Risk for MI greatly increases

Question 21

What do we do with stable angina?

Answer 21

Educations: rest and relaxation

• Decreasing Demand
• Nitrates
• Prevent/treat further atherosclerosis
• TEACH ABOUT MI’s

Question 22

Angina

Answer 22

If you sit down for about 5 minutes and your chest pain doesn’t get better CALL 911