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Y3 - GI Pathology > Upper gastrointestinal tract 2 > Flashcards

Upper gastrointestinal tract 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Name 2 benign neoplasia’s of the oral cavity

A
  • Papillomas

- Epulides

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2
Q

Name 4 malignant neoplasia’s of the oral cavity

A
  • Squamous cell carcinoma
  • Melanoma
  • Fibrosarcoma
  • Osteosarcoma
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3
Q

Describe the features of viral papillomas

A
  • Dog, cat, cattle, rabbits … most species
  • Oral + labial mucosa: cauliflower appearance
  • Mainly younger animals
  • Often multiple
  • Induced by papillomavirus
  • Spontaneous regression probable
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4
Q

Epulides are most common in which spp?

A

Dogs

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5
Q

Where are Epulides derived from?

A

Periodontal ligament or connective tissue

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6
Q

Name the 3 sub-types of epulides

A
  • Fibromatous epulis
  • Ossifying epulis
  • Acanthomatous epulis
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7
Q

Describe a Fibromatous epulis

A

Expansile, no invasion, composed of fibroblasts and collagen

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8
Q

Describe an ossifying epulis

A

Fibromatous epulis, but with bone formation

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9
Q

Describe an Acanthomatous epulis

A

Contains stratified epithelium, invades underlying bone around the tooth

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10
Q

Squamous cell carcinomas are derived from?

A

Oral squamous epithelium

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11
Q

Squamous cell carcinomas are the most common malignant neoplasm in … and the second most common malignant neoplasm in … ?

A

Most common = cats

Second most common = dogs

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12
Q

Where do squamous cell carcinomas metastasise to?

A
  • Frequent invasion of adjacent soft tissue, skeletal muscle + bone
  • Metastasis to regional lymph nodes
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13
Q

What are the main features of tonsillar squamous cell carcinomas?

A
  • In dogs
  • Early metastasis into regional LNs
  • Metastatic neoplasms are larger than the primary tumour
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14
Q

Describe the histological features of tonsillar squamous cell carcinomas

A
  • The basal membrane is focally interrupted and infiltrated by chords of neoplastic cells that infiltrate the lymphoid tissue
  • Multifocal squamous differentiation and “pearl” formation (hypereosinophilic compact material)
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15
Q

Where are melanomas derived from?

A

Melanocytes in the oral cavity from pigmented mucosa

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16
Q

What is the most common oral cavity malignant neoplasm in dogs?

A

Melanoma

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17
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of melanomas

A

Highly invasive, early metastases

[haematogenous + lymphatic route -> lungs, submandibular LNs]

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18
Q

Where are fibrosarcomas derived from?

A

Connective tissue of the oral cavity, often buccal mucosa

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19
Q

Fibrosarcomas are the second most common malignant neoplasm for which spp?

A

Cats

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20
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of fibrosarcomas

A

o Frequent invasion of underlying connective tissue, skeletal muscle + bone
o Can lead to widespread metastases [haematogenous route]
o Looks similar to SCC. Biopsy needed but both poor prognosis

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21
Q

Name the order of most common malignant oral cavity tumours in the DOG

A
  1. Malignant melanoma
  2. Squamous cell carcinoma
  3. Fibrosarcoma
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22
Q

Name the order of most common malignant oral cavity tumours in the cat

A
  1. Squamous cell carcinoma

2. Fibrosarcoma

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23
Q

Abnormal tooth wear (attrition) is important in which spp?

A

Herbivores, guinea pigs/rabbits

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24
Q

What are some causes of reduced abnormal tooth wear (attrition)?

A

a) missing teeth (oligodontia)
b) interdental gaps (diastasis)
c) mal-alignment

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25
What are the consequences of abnormal tooth wear (attrition)?
- Abnormally long teeth - Mucosal lesions (gingiva, buccal mucosa, lips) - Difficulties with chewing - Impaction of food material
26
Tartar and inflammation is due to calcified masses of?
- Food particles - Bacteria - Fungi - Shed epithelium - Leukocytes
27
What are the consequences of tartar and inflammation?
Gingivitis | Periodontitis
28
What is periodontitis?
- Inflammation of tissues which surround teeth (incl. gums, epithelial attachment of gingiva to teeth, periodontal ligament, alveolar bone of tooth socket) - Common in humans, dogs, cats
29
Describe the 4 stages of periodontitis
1) gingivitis (due to accumulation of bacterial plaque on lateral surface of tooth) 2) pocket formation in gingival socket -> instability 3) loosening + loss of tooth 4) fistula formation (+ abscessation)
30
Describe the features of odontogenic tumours and explain where they arise from
- Usually benign - Rare - Arise from epithelial/mesenchymal tissue that (embryologically) give rise to teeth
31
Name two odontogenic tumours
- Amleoblastoma | - Odontoma
32
What are the main features of an Amleoblastoma
- Dog - Arising deep within mandible or maxilla - Solid or cystic masses within gingiva, teeth are loose or missing
33
What are the main features of an Odontoma, describe the two types
- Dental malformation rather than true neoplasm 1) complex odontoma: all normal tissue elements of tooth, but malformed 2) compound odontoma: masses of tooth-like tissue, but abnormally arranged
34
Inflammation of the salivary glands = ?
Sialoadenitis
35
Salivary calculi = ?
Sialoliths
36
Salivary calculi are formed as a result of?
Chronic inflammation or foreign bodies
37
Cysts in the sublingual duct are called?
Ranula
38
Ranulas occur due to?
Dilation and secretion of an occluded duct | Often located in tongue frenulum
39
Describe the lining of the oesophagus in different spp
Tunica muscularis: - Dog, ruminants: striated muscle! - Pig: striated muscle except for short distance in front of stomach - Cat, horse: striated muscle along 2/3
40
How does compression of the oesophagus occur?
Due to masses in adjacent tissues (neoplasia in lymph nodes and thyroid glands, abscesses)
41
How does stricture of the oesophagus occur?
- Mainly in dogs | - Mainly due to persistence of right aortic arch
42
In persistence of the right aortic arch the oesophagus gets trapped between which 3 structures?
1) Aorta 2) pulmonary artery 3) Ductus arteriosus Botalli
43
Which structure causes the stricture of the oesophagus?
Shrinkage of Ductus arteriosus Botalli -> stricture
44
Describe what could be seen in a 2 year old dog with right aortic dog persistency?
- Chronic oesophageal stricture - Emaciation - Cranial lung lobe pneumonia - Aspiration pneumonia due to frequent regurgitation
45
Obstruction of the oesophagus is usually due to?
Foreign bodies
46
Describe the sequelae of oesophageal obstruction
Mucosal necrosis - perforation - pleuritis (bloat in ruminants)
47
What are the consequences of oesophageal obstruction?
* Dysphagia (swallowing difficulties) * Tympanic stomach/bloat [impairment of eructation] * Formation of diverticulum * Oesophageal rupture/perforation * Regurgitation -> aspiration pneumonia
48
What are two causes of a megaoesophagus?
- Neuromuscular disorders | - Distal obstruction of the oesophagus
49
What are the features of a congenital megaoesophagus?
- Inherited (Great Dane, German Shepherd, Irish Setter) | - Defect in distention-sensitive reflex that coordinates oesophageal function
50
An acquired megaoesophagus most commonly affects?
Adult dogs
51
An acquired megaoesophagus occurs secondary to?
Disorders disrupting the neural reflex involved in swallowing
52
Name some examples of disorders that disrupt the neural reflex involved in swallowing
* Myasthenia gravis (most common) * Canine distemper * Neuronal storage diseases * Neoplasia – eg gastric leiomyoma * Botulism – flaccid paralysis * Lead poisoning
53
Describe the features of Myasthenia gravis
Autoimmune disease: auto-antibodies against nicotinic acetylcholine receptors Often associated with general muscular weakness
54
What are the two causes of oesophagitis?
- With various infectious diseases [MD, MCF, IBR…] | - With reflux: chemically induced (gastric acids, pepsin)
55
Which parasitic infection affects the oesophagus?
Spirocerca lupi (nematode)
56
What are the hosts of Spirocerca lupi?
``` Definitive = Dogs Intermediate = beetles ```
57
Describe the pathogenesis of Spirocerca lupi and how it causes oesophagitis
Definite hosts: Ingestion of beetles -> third stage larvae (L3) in the stomach enter subintima of gastric artery and aorta -> migration to caudal thoracic area -> migration to oesophagus -> development in adult stage worms -> oesophageal epithelium perforation -> granulomatous oesophagitis -> development of sarcomas
58
What is the main tumour associated with Spirocerca lupi infection in dogs?
Fibrosarcoma
59
Which virus causes Papillomas in the oesophagus?
Bovine papilloma virus
60
Where does each type of bovine papilloma virus causes papilloma's to form?
* BPV type 4: in oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, rumen * BPV types 3 and 6: in skin * BPV types 1, 2, 5: cutaneous fibropapillomas

Y3 - GI Pathology (5 decks)

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