Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Y3 - GI Pathology > Upper gastrointestinal tract 2 > Flashcards

Upper gastrointestinal tract 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Name 2 benign neoplasia’s of the oral cavity

A
  • Papillomas

- Epulides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name 4 malignant neoplasia’s of the oral cavity

A
  • Squamous cell carcinoma
  • Melanoma
  • Fibrosarcoma
  • Osteosarcoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe the features of viral papillomas

A
  • Dog, cat, cattle, rabbits … most species
  • Oral + labial mucosa: cauliflower appearance
  • Mainly younger animals
  • Often multiple
  • Induced by papillomavirus
  • Spontaneous regression probable
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Epulides are most common in which spp?

A

Dogs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where are Epulides derived from?

A

Periodontal ligament or connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name the 3 sub-types of epulides

A
  • Fibromatous epulis
  • Ossifying epulis
  • Acanthomatous epulis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe a Fibromatous epulis

A

Expansile, no invasion, composed of fibroblasts and collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe an ossifying epulis

A

Fibromatous epulis, but with bone formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe an Acanthomatous epulis

A

Contains stratified epithelium, invades underlying bone around the tooth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Squamous cell carcinomas are derived from?

A

Oral squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Squamous cell carcinomas are the most common malignant neoplasm in … and the second most common malignant neoplasm in … ?

A

Most common = cats

Second most common = dogs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where do squamous cell carcinomas metastasise to?

A
  • Frequent invasion of adjacent soft tissue, skeletal muscle + bone
  • Metastasis to regional lymph nodes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the main features of tonsillar squamous cell carcinomas?

A
  • In dogs
  • Early metastasis into regional LNs
  • Metastatic neoplasms are larger than the primary tumour
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the histological features of tonsillar squamous cell carcinomas

A
  • The basal membrane is focally interrupted and infiltrated by chords of neoplastic cells that infiltrate the lymphoid tissue
  • Multifocal squamous differentiation and “pearl” formation (hypereosinophilic compact material)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where are melanomas derived from?

A

Melanocytes in the oral cavity from pigmented mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the most common oral cavity malignant neoplasm in dogs?

A

Melanoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of melanomas

A

Highly invasive, early metastases

[haematogenous + lymphatic route -> lungs, submandibular LNs]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where are fibrosarcomas derived from?

A

Connective tissue of the oral cavity, often buccal mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Fibrosarcomas are the second most common malignant neoplasm for which spp?

A

Cats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of fibrosarcomas

A

o Frequent invasion of underlying connective tissue, skeletal muscle + bone
o Can lead to widespread metastases [haematogenous route]
o Looks similar to SCC. Biopsy needed but both poor prognosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Name the order of most common malignant oral cavity tumours in the DOG

A
  1. Malignant melanoma
  2. Squamous cell carcinoma
  3. Fibrosarcoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Name the order of most common malignant oral cavity tumours in the cat

A
  1. Squamous cell carcinoma

2. Fibrosarcoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Abnormal tooth wear (attrition) is important in which spp?

A

Herbivores, guinea pigs/rabbits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are some causes of reduced abnormal tooth wear (attrition)?

A

a) missing teeth (oligodontia)
b) interdental gaps (diastasis)
c) mal-alignment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the consequences of abnormal tooth wear (attrition)?

A
  • Abnormally long teeth
  • Mucosal lesions (gingiva, buccal mucosa, lips)
  • Difficulties with chewing
  • Impaction of food material
26
Q

Tartar and inflammation is due to calcified masses of?

A
  • Food particles
  • Bacteria
  • Fungi
  • Shed epithelium
  • Leukocytes
27
Q

What are the consequences of tartar and inflammation?

A

Gingivitis

Periodontitis

28
Q

What is periodontitis?

A
  • Inflammation of tissues which surround teeth (incl. gums, epithelial attachment of gingiva to teeth, periodontal ligament, alveolar bone of tooth socket)
  • Common in humans, dogs, cats
29
Q

Describe the 4 stages of periodontitis

A

1) gingivitis (due to accumulation of bacterial plaque on lateral surface of tooth)
2) pocket formation in gingival socket -> instability
3) loosening + loss of tooth
4) fistula formation (+ abscessation)

30
Q

Describe the features of odontogenic tumours and explain where they arise from

A
  • Usually benign
  • Rare
  • Arise from epithelial/mesenchymal tissue that (embryologically) give rise to teeth
31
Q

Name two odontogenic tumours

A
  • Amleoblastoma

- Odontoma

32
Q

What are the main features of an Amleoblastoma

A
  • Dog
  • Arising deep within mandible or maxilla
  • Solid or cystic masses within gingiva, teeth are loose or missing
33
Q

What are the main features of an Odontoma, describe the two types

A
  • Dental malformation rather than true neoplasm
    1) complex odontoma: all normal tissue elements of tooth, but malformed
    2) compound odontoma: masses of tooth-like tissue, but abnormally arranged
34
Q

Inflammation of the salivary glands = ?

A

Sialoadenitis

35
Q

Salivary calculi = ?

A

Sialoliths

36
Q

Salivary calculi are formed as a result of?

A

Chronic inflammation or foreign bodies

37
Q

Cysts in the sublingual duct are called?

A

Ranula

38
Q

Ranulas occur due to?

A

Dilation and secretion of an occluded duct

Often located in tongue frenulum

39
Q

Describe the lining of the oesophagus in different spp

A

Tunica muscularis:

  • Dog, ruminants: striated muscle!
  • Pig: striated muscle except for short distance in front of stomach
  • Cat, horse: striated muscle along 2/3
40
Q

How does compression of the oesophagus occur?

A

Due to masses in adjacent tissues (neoplasia in lymph nodes and thyroid glands, abscesses)

41
Q

How does stricture of the oesophagus occur?

A
  • Mainly in dogs

- Mainly due to persistence of right aortic arch

42
Q

In persistence of the right aortic arch the oesophagus gets trapped between which 3 structures?

A

1) Aorta
2) pulmonary artery
3) Ductus arteriosus Botalli

43
Q

Which structure causes the stricture of the oesophagus?

A

Shrinkage of Ductus arteriosus Botalli -> stricture

44
Q

Describe what could be seen in a 2 year old dog with right aortic dog persistency?

A
  • Chronic oesophageal stricture
  • Emaciation
  • Cranial lung lobe pneumonia
  • Aspiration pneumonia due to frequent regurgitation
45
Q

Obstruction of the oesophagus is usually due to?

A

Foreign bodies

46
Q

Describe the sequelae of oesophageal obstruction

A

Mucosal necrosis

  • perforation
  • pleuritis (bloat in ruminants)
47
Q

What are the consequences of oesophageal obstruction?

A
  • Dysphagia (swallowing difficulties)
  • Tympanic stomach/bloat [impairment of eructation]
  • Formation of diverticulum
  • Oesophageal rupture/perforation
  • Regurgitation -> aspiration pneumonia
48
Q

What are two causes of a megaoesophagus?

A
  • Neuromuscular disorders

- Distal obstruction of the oesophagus

49
Q

What are the features of a congenital megaoesophagus?

A
  • Inherited (Great Dane, German Shepherd, Irish Setter)

- Defect in distention-sensitive reflex that coordinates oesophageal function

50
Q

An acquired megaoesophagus most commonly affects?

A

Adult dogs

51
Q

An acquired megaoesophagus occurs secondary to?

A

Disorders disrupting the neural reflex involved in swallowing

52
Q

Name some examples of disorders that disrupt the neural reflex involved in swallowing

A
  • Myasthenia gravis (most common)
  • Canine distemper
  • Neuronal storage diseases
  • Neoplasia – eg gastric leiomyoma
  • Botulism – flaccid paralysis
  • Lead poisoning
53
Q

Describe the features of Myasthenia gravis

A

Autoimmune disease: auto-antibodies against nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
Often associated with general muscular weakness

54
Q

What are the two causes of oesophagitis?

A
  • With various infectious diseases [MD, MCF, IBR…]

- With reflux: chemically induced (gastric acids, pepsin)

55
Q

Which parasitic infection affects the oesophagus?

A

Spirocerca lupi (nematode)

56
Q

What are the hosts of Spirocerca lupi?

A 
Definitive = Dogs
Intermediate = beetles
57
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of Spirocerca lupi and how it causes oesophagitis

A

Definite hosts: Ingestion of beetles -> third stage larvae (L3) in the stomach enter subintima of gastric artery and aorta -> migration to caudal thoracic area -> migration to oesophagus -> development in adult stage worms -> oesophageal epithelium perforation -> granulomatous oesophagitis -> development of sarcomas

58
Q

What is the main tumour associated with Spirocerca lupi infection in dogs?

A

Fibrosarcoma

59
Q

Which virus causes Papillomas in the oesophagus?

A

Bovine papilloma virus

60
Q

Where does each type of bovine papilloma virus causes papilloma’s to form?

A
  • BPV type 4: in oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, rumen
  • BPV types 3 and 6: in skin
  • BPV types 1, 2, 5: cutaneous fibropapillomas

Y3 - GI Pathology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions