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Y3 - GI Pathology > The intestines 2 > Flashcards

The intestines 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Enteritis is?

A

Inflammation of the intestines

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2
Q

Enteritis leads to?

A

Diarrhoea

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3
Q

Name the pathological mechanisms of enteritis -> diarrhoea

A
  • Maldigestion
  • Malabsorption
  • Hypersecretion: secretion of electrolytes due to enterotoxins eg. enterotoxic E. coli, Yersinia enterocolitica
  • Increased motility
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4
Q

How does maldigestion lead to diarrhoea?

A
  • Lack of enzymes for digestion

- Impaired villous epithelial cell functions (due to loss of cells + villous atrophy)

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5
Q

How does malabsorption lead to diarrhoea?

A

Reduced resorptive area due to loss of villous epithelial cells

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6
Q

Catarrhal enteritis causes?

A
  • Epithelial loss
  • Hyperaemia (mucosal reddening)
  • Moderate lymphocytic infiltration of (sub)mucosa
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7
Q

Viral catarrhal enteritis affects which animals?

A

Young animals

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8
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of viral catarrhal enteritis in young animals

A
  • Loss of villous tip epithelial cells so villous atrophy.
  • Causes vomiting, diarrhoea, poor fluid intake/dehydration so high lethality (esp. with 2o infections, eg. E. coli, cryptosporidia).
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9
Q

Describe 4 viral causes of catarrhal enteritis

A

1) Coronavirus infections in calves, piglets (TGE) and puppies
2) Rotavirus infections:
- in newborn calves, lambs, foals, piglets and puppies
- mainly jejunum + ileum
3) Canine parvovirus infection
4) Feline parvovirus infection (feline panleukopenia)

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10
Q

How do Coronaviruses/Rotaviruses affect the intestinal lining

A
  • Cells proliferate in the crypt to repair the villi

- Viruses attack either the sides or tips of the villi which can cause their shortening/fusion of villi

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11
Q

Describe how canine parvovirus infection causes catarrhal enteritis

A
  • Replication in mitotic cells (lympho/haematopoietic tissues, intestinal crypts) – rapidly dividing cells
  • Enteric form: acute catarrhal enteritis with crypt loss + secondary villous atrophy
  • Loss of crypts -> lack of new intestinal epithelial cells -> villous shortening and empty crypts
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12
Q

Describe the enteric form of feline parvovirus infection

A

Acute fibrinous enteritis

Loss of crypts

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13
Q

Name the bacterial causes of catarrhal enteritis

A
  • Enterotoxic E.coli
  • Enteropathogenic E.coli
  • E.coli septicaemia
  • Oedema disease
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14
Q

Describe an Enterotoxic E.coli infection

A
  • Calves, lambs, piglets (< 1 week old)
  • Often 2o to reduced colostrum intake or viral infections
  • Adhere to enterocytes -> toxin production -> secretory diarrhoea
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15
Q

Describe an Enteropathogenic E.coli infection

A

Adheres loosely to enterocytes, but lead to destruction of microvilli (no toxin production)

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16
Q

Describe an E.coli septicaemia infection

A
  • Calves, lambs, foals, piglets, puppies: first days of life
  • Oral / umbilical infection with Septicaemic E. coli in immunocompromised animals
  • Occasionally enteritis, but typically septicaemia
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17
Q

Describe oedema disease

A
  • Pigs, usually post-weaning period (over 4 weeks old)
  • Massive growth of E. coli which produce shiga-like toxin (STEC)
  • Oedema in subcutis (nose, eyelids), stomach wall, mesenteric lymph nodes.
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18
Q

How is fibrino-necrotising enteritis characterised?

A

Fibrinous exudate and deep mucosal damage (necrosis)

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19
Q

What is the viral cause of fibrino-necrotising enteritis?

A

Classical swine fever

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20
Q

Which 2 bacterial spp cause fibrino-necrotising enteritis?

A

Salmonella

Lawsonia intracellularis

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21
Q

Describe how Salmonellosis causes fibrino-necrotising enteritis

A

• Infection: faeco-oral (carriers)

  • Colonisation of small intestine
  • Adherence to and penetration of enterocytes, into lamina propria -> proliferation: both free + within macrophages (transportation)
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22
Q

Describe the lesions of Salmonella in young animals

A

a) peracute (septicaemia)
b) acute: catarrhal or fibrinous enteritis
c) chronic: fibrino-necrotising typhlocolitis

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23
Q

Describe the lesions of Salmonella in pigs

A
  • Necrotising enteritis (S. choleraesuis)

* Ulcerative proctitis with subsequent rectal stricture

24
Q

Lawsonia intracellularis causes which condition?

A

Porcine proliferative enteropathy

25
How does Lawsonia intracellularis affect the intestines - mechanism of microbial spread?
- Infects crypt epithelial cells, needs cell division to replicate - Spreading in epithelium by cell proliferation - Extrusion of infected cells - Degenerate cells release bacteria -> infection of other crypt cells
26
Name the 4 disease forms of Porcine proliferative enteropathy
a) Porcine proliferative enteropathy (= intestinal adenomatosis) b) “Proliferative haemorrhagic enteropathy” c) Necrotic enteritis d) Terminal ileitis
27
Where do lesions with porcine proliferative enteropathy mainly occur?
Ileum
28
Describe which pigs are affected by porcine proliferative enteropathy and the associated lesions
- Post-weaning pigs (1.5-4 mo, low mortality) | - Mucosal hyperplasia (gross lesions similar to paratuberculosis in cattle)
29
Describe “Proliferative haemorrhagic enteropathy”
Pigs more than 4 months old | High mortality
30
Describe necrotic enteritis
Due to mucosal necrosis; high mortality in pigs
31
Terminal ileitis occurs due to?
Chronic healing of necrotic enteritis
32
What is haemorrhagic enteritis?
Blood in the intestinal lumen
33
Describe the cause of haemorrhagic enteritis
Anthrax - agent: Bacillus anthracis - acute course [Notifiable zoonosis]
34
Which disease cause granulomatous enteritis?
Paratuberculosis (Johne's diease)
35
What is the causative agent of pratuberculosis
Mycobacterium avium subsp Paratuberculosis
36
Describe Johne's disease in cattle
Early infection during first year of life development of lesions only after months to years
37
Describe the pathogenesis of Johne's disease
- Oral + intrauterine infection macrophages in mucosa and GALT -> Chronic lesions mainly terminal ileum granulomatous infm - Mucosa expanded by severe infiltration of epithelioid macrophages + rare giant cells containing acid-fast bacteria secondary peripheral lymphocytes infiltr.
38
How is paratuberculosis detected using histology?
Ziehl-Neelson stain to identify acid-fast bacteria
39
Inflammatory bowel disease is a term used to describe which condition?
Lymphoproliferative + eosinophilic enteritis
40
Define malabsorption
Failure of absorption of nutrients from intestinal tract
41
What are the signs of malabsorption in dogs?
1) persistent vomiting + diarrhoea 2) loss of weight 3) steatorrhoea (loose fatty faeces)
42
What are the causes of malabsorption?
- Pancreatic enzyme insufficiency maldigestion (often GSDs) | - Acute + chronic enteritis
43
How is malabsorption syndrome grossly characterised?
- Dilated whitish villi (mainly proximal jejunum) “Lymphangiectasia” - Small granulomas in subserosa + mucosa “Lipid granulomas” - Dilated subserosal + mesenteric lymphatic vessels - protein loss mainly due to ruptured vessels + increased permeability
44
Name 3 causes of ischaemia
- Shock (dog) - Misalignment - Thrombosis of intestinal arteries with embolus formation (e.g. horse, Strongylus vulgaris)
45
What are the effects of Strongylus vulgaris infections?
Presence of the worm in the blood vessel damages the endothelium, causes turbulence in the blood flow and often end up in a hypercoagulability state (Virchow’s triad) -> thrombosis
46
What are the 2 main lesions associated with Strongylus vulgaris
- Ischaemic intestinal infarction with: major colonic/caecal arterial thrombosis and multifocal smaller arteriolar thrombosis - Haemomelasma ilei
47
Describe Haemomelasma ilei
- Incidental lesion - Focal small dark grey or black subserosal nodules discolorations, along vessels - Mainly ileum - Due to thrombosis of small arterioles or as a sequela to haemorrhage (migrating larvae of Str. vulgaris)
48
Pathogenic effects because of parasites are due to?
- Deprivation of host of nutrients - Blood sucking (anaemia, hypoproteinaemia) - Mechanical effects (mucosal alterations, obstruction) - Toxic or allergic metabolites
49
What is the main effect of coccidiosis?
Chronic catarrhal enteritis
50
How do cestodes affect the intestines?
- Generally host-specific, located in upper SI - Massive infection normally only seen in juveniles - Often incidental finding but can cause changed motility (Horse)
51
Name some large strongyle spp of horses and their effects
Strongylus equinus, Str. Edentatus, Str. vulgaris | - Thrombotic verminous endarteritis
52
Name some small strongyle spp of horses and their effects
Cyathostomes -> L3 induced granulomas in wall of colonic mucosa and caecum (larval cyathostominosis)
53
Name 3 neoplasms of the intestines
- Colorectal polyps - Adenocarcinoma - Malignant lymphoma
54
Describe adenocarcinomas of the intestines
- Sheep, horse: small intestine - Dog: rectum - Often with severe fibrous tissue proliferation (scirrhous) - Metastasis to regional lymph nodes, invasion of adjacent tissues (dog: prostate), contact metastases in peritoneum
55
Describe malignant lymphomas of the intestines
- Diffuse or nodular thickening of intestinal wall | - Cat: older animals, no FeLV association, B cell lymphomas
56
Describe the features of anal gland adenocarcinomas
- Dogs - Derived from anal sac glandular epithelium - Perianal infiltration - Metastasis to rectal and iliac LNs - Produce parathyroid-like hormone -> hypercalcaemia

Y3 - GI Pathology (5 decks)

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