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Y3 - GI Pathology > The intestines 2 > Flashcards

The intestines 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Enteritis is?

A

Inflammation of the intestines

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2
Q

Enteritis leads to?

A

Diarrhoea

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3
Q

Name the pathological mechanisms of enteritis -> diarrhoea

A
  • Maldigestion
  • Malabsorption
  • Hypersecretion: secretion of electrolytes due to enterotoxins eg. enterotoxic E. coli, Yersinia enterocolitica
  • Increased motility
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4
Q

How does maldigestion lead to diarrhoea?

A
  • Lack of enzymes for digestion

- Impaired villous epithelial cell functions (due to loss of cells + villous atrophy)

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5
Q

How does malabsorption lead to diarrhoea?

A

Reduced resorptive area due to loss of villous epithelial cells

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6
Q

Catarrhal enteritis causes?

A
  • Epithelial loss
  • Hyperaemia (mucosal reddening)
  • Moderate lymphocytic infiltration of (sub)mucosa
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7
Q

Viral catarrhal enteritis affects which animals?

A

Young animals

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8
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of viral catarrhal enteritis in young animals

A
  • Loss of villous tip epithelial cells so villous atrophy.
  • Causes vomiting, diarrhoea, poor fluid intake/dehydration so high lethality (esp. with 2o infections, eg. E. coli, cryptosporidia).
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9
Q

Describe 4 viral causes of catarrhal enteritis

A

1) Coronavirus infections in calves, piglets (TGE) and puppies
2) Rotavirus infections:
- in newborn calves, lambs, foals, piglets and puppies
- mainly jejunum + ileum
3) Canine parvovirus infection
4) Feline parvovirus infection (feline panleukopenia)

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10
Q

How do Coronaviruses/Rotaviruses affect the intestinal lining

A
  • Cells proliferate in the crypt to repair the villi

- Viruses attack either the sides or tips of the villi which can cause their shortening/fusion of villi

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11
Q

Describe how canine parvovirus infection causes catarrhal enteritis

A
  • Replication in mitotic cells (lympho/haematopoietic tissues, intestinal crypts) – rapidly dividing cells
  • Enteric form: acute catarrhal enteritis with crypt loss + secondary villous atrophy
  • Loss of crypts -> lack of new intestinal epithelial cells -> villous shortening and empty crypts
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12
Q

Describe the enteric form of feline parvovirus infection

A

Acute fibrinous enteritis

Loss of crypts

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13
Q

Name the bacterial causes of catarrhal enteritis

A
  • Enterotoxic E.coli
  • Enteropathogenic E.coli
  • E.coli septicaemia
  • Oedema disease
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14
Q

Describe an Enterotoxic E.coli infection

A
  • Calves, lambs, piglets (< 1 week old)
  • Often 2o to reduced colostrum intake or viral infections
  • Adhere to enterocytes -> toxin production -> secretory diarrhoea
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15
Q

Describe an Enteropathogenic E.coli infection

A

Adheres loosely to enterocytes, but lead to destruction of microvilli (no toxin production)

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16
Q

Describe an E.coli septicaemia infection

A
  • Calves, lambs, foals, piglets, puppies: first days of life
  • Oral / umbilical infection with Septicaemic E. coli in immunocompromised animals
  • Occasionally enteritis, but typically septicaemia
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17
Q

Describe oedema disease

A
  • Pigs, usually post-weaning period (over 4 weeks old)
  • Massive growth of E. coli which produce shiga-like toxin (STEC)
  • Oedema in subcutis (nose, eyelids), stomach wall, mesenteric lymph nodes.
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18
Q

How is fibrino-necrotising enteritis characterised?

A

Fibrinous exudate and deep mucosal damage (necrosis)

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19
Q

What is the viral cause of fibrino-necrotising enteritis?

A

Classical swine fever

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20
Q

Which 2 bacterial spp cause fibrino-necrotising enteritis?

A

Salmonella

Lawsonia intracellularis

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21
Q

Describe how Salmonellosis causes fibrino-necrotising enteritis

A

• Infection: faeco-oral (carriers)

  • Colonisation of small intestine
  • Adherence to and penetration of enterocytes, into lamina propria -> proliferation: both free + within macrophages (transportation)
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22
Q

Describe the lesions of Salmonella in young animals

A

a) peracute (septicaemia)
b) acute: catarrhal or fibrinous enteritis
c) chronic: fibrino-necrotising typhlocolitis

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23
Q

Describe the lesions of Salmonella in pigs

A
  • Necrotising enteritis (S. choleraesuis)

* Ulcerative proctitis with subsequent rectal stricture

24
Q

Lawsonia intracellularis causes which condition?

A

Porcine proliferative enteropathy

25
Q

How does Lawsonia intracellularis affect the intestines - mechanism of microbial spread?

A
  • Infects crypt epithelial cells, needs cell division to replicate
  • Spreading in epithelium by cell proliferation
  • Extrusion of infected cells
  • Degenerate cells release bacteria -> infection of other crypt cells
26
Q

Name the 4 disease forms of Porcine proliferative enteropathy

A

a) Porcine proliferative enteropathy (= intestinal adenomatosis)
b) “Proliferative haemorrhagic enteropathy”
c) Necrotic enteritis
d) Terminal ileitis

27
Q

Where do lesions with porcine proliferative enteropathy mainly occur?

A

Ileum

28
Q

Describe which pigs are affected by porcine proliferative enteropathy and the associated lesions

A
  • Post-weaning pigs (1.5-4 mo, low mortality)

- Mucosal hyperplasia (gross lesions similar to paratuberculosis in cattle)

29
Q

Describe “Proliferative haemorrhagic enteropathy”

A

Pigs more than 4 months old

High mortality

30
Q

Describe necrotic enteritis

A

Due to mucosal necrosis; high mortality in pigs

31
Q

Terminal ileitis occurs due to?

A

Chronic healing of necrotic enteritis

32
Q

What is haemorrhagic enteritis?

A

Blood in the intestinal lumen

33
Q

Describe the cause of haemorrhagic enteritis

A

Anthrax
- agent: Bacillus anthracis
- acute course
[Notifiable zoonosis]

34
Q

Which disease cause granulomatous enteritis?

A

Paratuberculosis (Johne’s diease)

35
Q

What is the causative agent of pratuberculosis

A

Mycobacterium avium subsp Paratuberculosis

36
Q

Describe Johne’s disease in cattle

A

Early infection during first year of life development of lesions only after months to years

37
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of Johne’s disease

A
  • Oral + intrauterine infection macrophages in mucosa and GALT -> Chronic lesions mainly terminal ileum granulomatous infm
  • Mucosa expanded by severe infiltration of epithelioid macrophages + rare giant cells containing acid-fast bacteria secondary peripheral lymphocytes infiltr.
38
Q

How is paratuberculosis detected using histology?

A

Ziehl-Neelson stain to identify acid-fast bacteria

39
Q

Inflammatory bowel disease is a term used to describe which condition?

A

Lymphoproliferative + eosinophilic enteritis

40
Q

Define malabsorption

A

Failure of absorption of nutrients from intestinal tract

41
Q

What are the signs of malabsorption in dogs?

A

1) persistent vomiting + diarrhoea
2) loss of weight
3) steatorrhoea (loose fatty faeces)

42
Q

What are the causes of malabsorption?

A
  • Pancreatic enzyme insufficiency maldigestion (often GSDs)

- Acute + chronic enteritis

43
Q

How is malabsorption syndrome grossly characterised?

A
  • Dilated whitish villi (mainly proximal jejunum) “Lymphangiectasia”
  • Small granulomas in subserosa + mucosa “Lipid granulomas”
  • Dilated subserosal + mesenteric lymphatic vessels - protein loss mainly due to ruptured vessels + increased permeability
44
Q

Name 3 causes of ischaemia

A
  • Shock (dog)
  • Misalignment
  • Thrombosis of intestinal arteries with embolus formation (e.g. horse, Strongylus vulgaris)
45
Q

What are the effects of Strongylus vulgaris infections?

A

Presence of the worm in the blood vessel damages the endothelium, causes turbulence in the blood flow and often end up in a hypercoagulability state (Virchow’s triad) -> thrombosis

46
Q

What are the 2 main lesions associated with Strongylus vulgaris

A
  • Ischaemic intestinal infarction with: major colonic/caecal arterial thrombosis and multifocal smaller arteriolar thrombosis
  • Haemomelasma ilei
47
Q

Describe Haemomelasma ilei

A
  • Incidental lesion
  • Focal small dark grey or black subserosal nodules discolorations, along vessels
  • Mainly ileum
  • Due to thrombosis of small arterioles or as a sequela to haemorrhage (migrating larvae of Str. vulgaris)
48
Q

Pathogenic effects because of parasites are due to?

A
  • Deprivation of host of nutrients
  • Blood sucking (anaemia, hypoproteinaemia)
  • Mechanical effects (mucosal alterations, obstruction)
  • Toxic or allergic metabolites
49
Q

What is the main effect of coccidiosis?

A

Chronic catarrhal enteritis

50
Q

How do cestodes affect the intestines?

A
  • Generally host-specific, located in upper SI
  • Massive infection normally only seen in juveniles
  • Often incidental finding but can cause changed motility (Horse)
51
Q

Name some large strongyle spp of horses and their effects

A

Strongylus equinus, Str. Edentatus, Str. vulgaris

- Thrombotic verminous endarteritis

52
Q

Name some small strongyle spp of horses and their effects

A

Cyathostomes -> L3 induced granulomas in wall of colonic mucosa and caecum (larval cyathostominosis)

53
Q

Name 3 neoplasms of the intestines

A
  • Colorectal polyps
  • Adenocarcinoma
  • Malignant lymphoma
54
Q

Describe adenocarcinomas of the intestines

A
  • Sheep, horse: small intestine
  • Dog: rectum
  • Often with severe fibrous tissue proliferation (scirrhous)
  • Metastasis to regional lymph nodes, invasion of adjacent tissues (dog: prostate), contact metastases in peritoneum
55
Q

Describe malignant lymphomas of the intestines

A
  • Diffuse or nodular thickening of intestinal wall

- Cat: older animals, no FeLV association, B cell lymphomas

56
Q

Describe the features of anal gland adenocarcinomas

A
  • Dogs
  • Derived from anal sac glandular epithelium
  • Perianal infiltration
  • Metastasis to rectal and iliac LNs
  • Produce parathyroid-like hormone -> hypercalcaemia

Y3 - GI Pathology (5 decks)

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