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Y3 - GI Pathology > Upper gastrointestinal tract 1 > Flashcards

Upper gastrointestinal tract 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The following structures are made of which cells/linings:

  1. Lips
  2. Oral cavity
  3. Tongue
A
  1. Squamous epithelium, keratinised
  2. Squamous epithelium, not keratinised
  3. Squamous epithelium, not keratinised, papillae
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2
Q

Name 3 developmental abnormalities of the mouth

A
  • Cleft lip = cheiloschisis
  • Cleft palate = Palatoschisis
  • Agnathia, Brachygnathia (Superior = maxilla; inferior = mandible)
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3
Q

Neurogenic atrophy of the lingual muscles is seen with damage to?

A

The hypoglossal nerve

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4
Q

In which condition can damage to the hypoglossal nerve occur?

A

In horses with guttural pouch mycosis

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5
Q

What are the main causes of atrophy?

A
  • Starvation (lack of nutrients)
  • Lack of blood supply e.g. chronic passive hepatic congestion
  • Lack of innervation (muscle) e.g. nerve transection
  • Disuse e.g. muscle atrophy due to plaster
  • Pressure e.g. neoplasia
  • Loss of hormonal stimulation
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6
Q

Name 3 circulatory disorders of the mouth

A
  • Pallor
  • Cyanosis
  • Petechial/ecchymotic haemorrhage
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7
Q

Describe cyanosis and its causes/associated conditions

A
  • Blue or purple coloration of mucous membranes due to the tissues near the skin surface being low on oxygen
  • With uraemia, nitrate poisoning, Bluetongue
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8
Q

Petechial/ecchymotic haemorrhage is seen with which conditions?

A
  • Clotting defect
  • Septicaemia
  • Intoxications (numerous poisons)
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9
Q

Name the term used to describe inflammation of the following anatomical locations:

  1. oral cavity
  2. lips
  3. gums
  4. tongue
A
  1. Stomatitis
  2. Cheilitis
  3. Gingivitis
  4. Glossitis
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10
Q

Name the term used to describe inflammation of the following anatomical locations:

  1. Hard/soft palate
  2. Salivary glands
  3. Tonsils
  4. Pharynx
A
  1. Palatitis
  2. Sialoadenitis
  3. Tonsillitis
  4. Pharyngitis
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11
Q

Gingivitis occurs due to which 4 causes?

A
  • Poor oral hygiene
  • Opportunistic bacterial infections
  • Gingival trauma
  • Immunodeficiency (cats with FIV)
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12
Q

Which 3 conditions are associated with gingivitis?

A
  • Stomatitis
  • Oral ulceration
  • Glossitis
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13
Q

What are the causes of stomatitis, oral ulceration, glossitis?

A
  • Bacteria e.g. fusobacterium necrophorum
  • Viral agents
  • Fungi
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14
Q

What is the term used to describe necrobacillosis?

A

Calf diphtheria

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15
Q

What is the causative agent of necrobacillosis/Calf diphtheria?

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum

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16
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of necrobacillosis/Calf diphtheria?

A

Bacteria invade + colonise damaged mucosa (trauma, viral infection, erupting teeth)
Extensive necrosis due to toxins

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17
Q

What is the causative agent of wooden tongue in cattle

A

Actinobacillus lignieresi

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18
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of wooden tongue in cattle

A
  • Invasion + colonisation of damaged mucosa (through trauma)

- Pyogranulomatous inflammation (neutrophils and macrophages) with extensive fibrosis + abscess formation

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19
Q

What is the differential diagnosis for wooden tongue in cattle?

A

Lumpy Jaw (Osteomyelitis of the mandible due to Actinomyces bovis)

20
Q

How does wooden tongue appear grossly?

A
  • Cow will have facial swelling
  • Tongue has ulceration
  • Multifocal to coalescing areas of pyogranulomatous inflammation
  • White material on the cross section shows fibrosis
  • Usually the tongue is dark red but it comes paler and cream coloured
21
Q

How does wooden tongue appear histologically?

A

Multifocal pyogranulomatous infiltration with multifocal rosette-like bact. Colonies + Splendore-Hoepli

22
Q

What is the viral agent and vector of bluetongue?

A 
Orbivirus
Culicoides spp (midges)
23
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of bluetongue

A

Insect bite -> viraemia + infection of endothelial cells -> endothelial damage, microthrombi, haemorrhages, ischaemic necrosis

24
Q

What are the pathological findings of bluetongue?

A
  • Early phase: hyperaemia /oedema of oral + nasal mucosa
    (+ cyanosis of tongue)
  • Ischaemic necrosis (infarction) of oral epithelium
25
Name the notifiable disease that causes oral vesicles (blisters)?
Foot and mouth disease
26
Which spp are affected by foot and mouth disease?
Cattle Swine Sheep
27
What is the ROI for foot and mouth disease?
aerosol / oropharyngeal infection
28
Where are ulcers found on the body for foot and mouth disease?
* Tongue, lips, palate * Skin near coronary band adjacent to interdigital space * Ruminal mucosa
29
Describe the pathogenesis of foot and mouth disease
- Tropism for squamous epithelial cells - Ballooning degeneration of cells - Cells detach - Oedema and fibrin fills the space leasing to vesicles - Vesicles coalesce = bullae - Erosions and ulcers
30
Name two other viral diseases that cause oral vesicles
- Vesicular stomatitis | - Swine vesicular disease
31
What are the 3 main differential diagnosis for ulcerative stomatitis in cattle?
= inflm with multifocal erosions / ulceration - Bovine viral diarrhoea / Mucosal disease - Bovine malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) - Bluetongue
32
What is the cause of bovine viral diarrhoea/mucosal disease?
Pestivirus, bovine viral diarrhoea virus 1
33
What are the signs of bovine viral diarrhoea?
Mainly acute diarrhoea + rhinitis; susceptible animals but if pregnant...1/3 abort; 2/3 viraemic calf; 3/3 OK calf.
34
When is mucosal disease seen, how is it caused?
In persistently infected calves (highly virulent cytopathic BVDV develops due to RNA recombination) - Initial placental infection with non-cytopathic BVDV (up to day 120) -> Immunotolerance of the calf -> Cytopathic BVDV -> mucosal disease
35
Describe the gross appearance of bovine viral diarrhoea/mucosal disease
Erosions and flat ulcers (sharply delineated) a) in oral mucosa and on muzzle b) in oesophageal, abomasal + intestinal mucosa
36
What is the main feature of mucosal disease
It is erosive - erosive gingivitis - erosions on the muzzle - erosive glossitis - erosive oesophagitis
37
What is the causative agent of malignant catarrhal fever?
Due to Ovine herpesvirus type 2 (OHV 2) or Alcelaphine herpesvirus type 1 (AIHV 1)
38
Which animals are affected by malignant catarrhal fever?
Sporadic disease (cattle, also deer/pigs), observed in animals with contact with sheep (+++ bison)
39
What lesions are seen in cases of malignant catarrhal fever?
- Erosions in oral, oesophageal, abomasal and intestinal mucosa (similar to MD) - Often associated with conjunctivitis and keratitis
40
What are two viral causes of erosive and ulcerative stomatitis in cats (cat flu)
- Feline calicivirus disease | - Feline herpesvirus infection (feline viral Rhinotracheitis)
41
What is a fungal cause of oral inflammation?
Candida albicans = Candidiasis
42
Which animals are affected by Candidiasis?
- Mainly in young, suckling animals when immunocompromised or when in poor hygiene conditions - In adult, immunocompromised animals
43
Name 3 parasitic agents that cause oral inflammation
- Cysticercus cellulosae in lingual muscle (pigs), larvae of Taenia solium - Cysticercus bovis in lingual muscle (cattle), larvae of T. saginata (human tapeworm) - Trichinella spiralis and sarcosporidia in lingual muscle
44
What are the 3 components of the eosinophilic granuloma complex in cats
- Eosinophilic (indolent) ulcer: upper lip - Oral eosinophilic granuloma: tongue and soft palate - Eosinophilic plaque
45
What are tonsils?
Aggregates of lymphoid tissue at opening of oropharynx
46
How does tonsillitis occur?
* Tonsils = port of entry / initial replication site of many lymphotropic viruses which cause systemic disease eg. CDV * Inflammation induced by pathogenic bacteria which colonise tonsillar crypts

Y3 - GI Pathology (5 decks)

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