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Y3 - GI Pathology > Upper gastrointestinal tract 1 > Flashcards

Upper gastrointestinal tract 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The following structures are made of which cells/linings:

  1. Lips
  2. Oral cavity
  3. Tongue
A
  1. Squamous epithelium, keratinised
  2. Squamous epithelium, not keratinised
  3. Squamous epithelium, not keratinised, papillae
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2
Q

Name 3 developmental abnormalities of the mouth

A
  • Cleft lip = cheiloschisis
  • Cleft palate = Palatoschisis
  • Agnathia, Brachygnathia (Superior = maxilla; inferior = mandible)
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3
Q

Neurogenic atrophy of the lingual muscles is seen with damage to?

A

The hypoglossal nerve

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4
Q

In which condition can damage to the hypoglossal nerve occur?

A

In horses with guttural pouch mycosis

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5
Q

What are the main causes of atrophy?

A
  • Starvation (lack of nutrients)
  • Lack of blood supply e.g. chronic passive hepatic congestion
  • Lack of innervation (muscle) e.g. nerve transection
  • Disuse e.g. muscle atrophy due to plaster
  • Pressure e.g. neoplasia
  • Loss of hormonal stimulation
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6
Q

Name 3 circulatory disorders of the mouth

A
  • Pallor
  • Cyanosis
  • Petechial/ecchymotic haemorrhage
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7
Q

Describe cyanosis and its causes/associated conditions

A
  • Blue or purple coloration of mucous membranes due to the tissues near the skin surface being low on oxygen
  • With uraemia, nitrate poisoning, Bluetongue
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8
Q

Petechial/ecchymotic haemorrhage is seen with which conditions?

A
  • Clotting defect
  • Septicaemia
  • Intoxications (numerous poisons)
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9
Q

Name the term used to describe inflammation of the following anatomical locations:

  1. oral cavity
  2. lips
  3. gums
  4. tongue
A
  1. Stomatitis
  2. Cheilitis
  3. Gingivitis
  4. Glossitis
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10
Q

Name the term used to describe inflammation of the following anatomical locations:

  1. Hard/soft palate
  2. Salivary glands
  3. Tonsils
  4. Pharynx
A
  1. Palatitis
  2. Sialoadenitis
  3. Tonsillitis
  4. Pharyngitis
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11
Q

Gingivitis occurs due to which 4 causes?

A
  • Poor oral hygiene
  • Opportunistic bacterial infections
  • Gingival trauma
  • Immunodeficiency (cats with FIV)
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12
Q

Which 3 conditions are associated with gingivitis?

A
  • Stomatitis
  • Oral ulceration
  • Glossitis
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13
Q

What are the causes of stomatitis, oral ulceration, glossitis?

A
  • Bacteria e.g. fusobacterium necrophorum
  • Viral agents
  • Fungi
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14
Q

What is the term used to describe necrobacillosis?

A

Calf diphtheria

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15
Q

What is the causative agent of necrobacillosis/Calf diphtheria?

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum

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16
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of necrobacillosis/Calf diphtheria?

A

Bacteria invade + colonise damaged mucosa (trauma, viral infection, erupting teeth)
Extensive necrosis due to toxins

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17
Q

What is the causative agent of wooden tongue in cattle

A

Actinobacillus lignieresi

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18
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of wooden tongue in cattle

A
  • Invasion + colonisation of damaged mucosa (through trauma)

- Pyogranulomatous inflammation (neutrophils and macrophages) with extensive fibrosis + abscess formation

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19
Q

What is the differential diagnosis for wooden tongue in cattle?

A

Lumpy Jaw (Osteomyelitis of the mandible due to Actinomyces bovis)

20
Q

How does wooden tongue appear grossly?

A
  • Cow will have facial swelling
  • Tongue has ulceration
  • Multifocal to coalescing areas of pyogranulomatous inflammation
  • White material on the cross section shows fibrosis
  • Usually the tongue is dark red but it comes paler and cream coloured
21
Q

How does wooden tongue appear histologically?

A

Multifocal pyogranulomatous infiltration with multifocal rosette-like bact. Colonies + Splendore-Hoepli

22
Q

What is the viral agent and vector of bluetongue?

A 
Orbivirus
Culicoides spp (midges)
23
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of bluetongue

A

Insect bite -> viraemia + infection of endothelial cells -> endothelial damage, microthrombi, haemorrhages, ischaemic necrosis

24
Q

What are the pathological findings of bluetongue?

A
  • Early phase: hyperaemia /oedema of oral + nasal mucosa
    (+ cyanosis of tongue)
  • Ischaemic necrosis (infarction) of oral epithelium
25
Q

Name the notifiable disease that causes oral vesicles (blisters)?

A

Foot and mouth disease

26
Q

Which spp are affected by foot and mouth disease?

A

Cattle
Swine
Sheep

27
Q

What is the ROI for foot and mouth disease?

A

aerosol / oropharyngeal infection

28
Q

Where are ulcers found on the body for foot and mouth disease?

A
  • Tongue, lips, palate
  • Skin near coronary band adjacent to interdigital space
  • Ruminal mucosa
29
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of foot and mouth disease

A
  • Tropism for squamous epithelial cells
  • Ballooning degeneration of cells
  • Cells detach
  • Oedema and fibrin fills the space leasing to vesicles
  • Vesicles coalesce = bullae
  • Erosions and ulcers
30
Q

Name two other viral diseases that cause oral vesicles

A
  • Vesicular stomatitis

- Swine vesicular disease

31
Q

What are the 3 main differential diagnosis for ulcerative stomatitis in cattle?

A

= inflm with multifocal erosions / ulceration

  • Bovine viral diarrhoea / Mucosal disease
  • Bovine malignant catarrhal fever (MCF)
  • Bluetongue
32
Q

What is the cause of bovine viral diarrhoea/mucosal disease?

A

Pestivirus, bovine viral diarrhoea virus 1

33
Q

What are the signs of bovine viral diarrhoea?

A

Mainly acute diarrhoea + rhinitis; susceptible animals but if pregnant…1/3 abort; 2/3 viraemic calf; 3/3 OK calf.

34
Q

When is mucosal disease seen, how is it caused?

A

In persistently infected calves (highly virulent cytopathic BVDV develops due to RNA recombination)
- Initial placental infection with non-cytopathic BVDV (up to day 120) -> Immunotolerance of the calf -> Cytopathic BVDV -> mucosal disease

35
Q

Describe the gross appearance of bovine viral diarrhoea/mucosal disease

A

Erosions and flat ulcers (sharply delineated)

a) in oral mucosa and on muzzle
b) in oesophageal, abomasal + intestinal mucosa

36
Q

What is the main feature of mucosal disease

A

It is erosive

  • erosive gingivitis
  • erosions on the muzzle
  • erosive glossitis
  • erosive oesophagitis
37
Q

What is the causative agent of malignant catarrhal fever?

A

Due to Ovine herpesvirus type 2 (OHV 2) or Alcelaphine herpesvirus type 1 (AIHV 1)

38
Q

Which animals are affected by malignant catarrhal fever?

A

Sporadic disease (cattle, also deer/pigs), observed in animals with contact with sheep (+++ bison)

39
Q

What lesions are seen in cases of malignant catarrhal fever?

A
  • Erosions in oral, oesophageal, abomasal and intestinal mucosa (similar to MD)
  • Often associated with conjunctivitis and keratitis
40
Q

What are two viral causes of erosive and ulcerative stomatitis in cats (cat flu)

A
  • Feline calicivirus disease

- Feline herpesvirus infection (feline viral Rhinotracheitis)

41
Q

What is a fungal cause of oral inflammation?

A

Candida albicans = Candidiasis

42
Q

Which animals are affected by Candidiasis?

A
  • Mainly in young, suckling animals when immunocompromised or when in poor hygiene conditions
  • In adult, immunocompromised animals
43
Q

Name 3 parasitic agents that cause oral inflammation

A
  • Cysticercus cellulosae in lingual muscle (pigs), larvae of Taenia solium
  • Cysticercus bovis in lingual muscle (cattle), larvae of T. saginata (human tapeworm)
  • Trichinella spiralis and sarcosporidia in lingual muscle
44
Q

What are the 3 components of the eosinophilic granuloma complex in cats

A
  • Eosinophilic (indolent) ulcer: upper lip
  • Oral eosinophilic granuloma: tongue and soft palate
  • Eosinophilic plaque
45
Q

What are tonsils?

A

Aggregates of lymphoid tissue at opening of oropharynx

46
Q

How does tonsillitis occur?

A
  • Tonsils = port of entry / initial replication site of many lymphotropic viruses which cause systemic disease eg. CDV
  • Inflammation induced by pathogenic bacteria which colonise tonsillar crypts

Y3 - GI Pathology (5 decks)

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