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Y3 - GI Pathology > The Stomach > Flashcards

The Stomach Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the lining of the rumen

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

Papillae

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2
Q

Which part of the stomach has a honeycomb appearance?

A

Reticulum

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3
Q

Name the 4 stomach chambers

A

Rumen
Reticulum
Omasum
Abomasum

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4
Q

Describe parakeratosis/hyperkeratosis of the ruminal mucosa

A
  • Loss of ruminal papillae
  • Regarded as adaptive process to chemical changes in ruminal content [high concentrate feeding with <15% roughage in diet]
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5
Q

What is ruminal tympany?

A

= accumulation of excessive quantities of gas with impairment of normal eructation -> distention of rumen (bloat)

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6
Q

What are the consequences of severe ruminal tympany?

A

Emergency due to increased abdominal pressure -> decreased venous return + hypovolaemic shock -> Death

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7
Q

Which two gases accumulate in ruminal tympany?

A

Methane and carbon dioxide

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8
Q

Describe the two types of ruminal tympany

A

A) Primary/frothy bloat gas is dispersed as small bubbles in ruminal fluid so cannot escape with eructation [legumes form stable foam 2-3d post ingestion]
B) Secondary/free gas bloat less common

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9
Q

What is the cause of Secondary/free gas bloat?

A

Due to physical obstruction of oesophagus/pharynx or vagal indigestion

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10
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of ruminal tympany with primary/frothy bloat

A
  • Access to lush pasture causes high levels of soluble protein
  • Also causes a rumen pH change which changes the rumen bacteria -> decreased salivary function
  • Altogether these cause decreased surface tension and increased surface velocity which forms a stable foam
  • This stops eructation from being able to occur which causes ruminal distention
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11
Q

Describe the successive stages of ruminal acidosis

A

Ruminal acidosis -> rumenitis -> ulcers

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12
Q

What is the cause of ruminal acidosis?

A
  • Associated with abrupt change of diet [eg sudden large quantities of highly fermentable CHO]
  • Mainly seen in high production beef + dairy cattle
  • Pathogenesis: “carbohydrate overload”
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13
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of ruminal acidosis and its successive stages

A
  • Increased production of volatile fatty acids -> atony
  • Successive drop of ruminal pH
  • Proliferation of bacteria
  • Death (in 25-90% of cases) when pH<4.5
  • Survivors -> chemical rumenitis + reticulitis -> 2nd infect necrobacillosis + mycotic rumenitis
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14
Q

Which 2 bacterial spp proliferate in the rumen when there is a drop in pH?

A

Streptococcus bovis

Lactobacillus spp

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15
Q

Describe the sequalae of rumenitis

A

Rumenitis causes:

  • Devitalisation of mucosa, bacterial/mycotic ruminitis and allows bacteria entry into the portal system
  • > Hepatic abscesses
  • > Embolic pneumonia
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16
Q

What are the 3 consequences of embolic pneumonia?

A
  • Cor pulmonale
  • Caudal vena cava syndrome
  • Haemoptysis
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17
Q

What is Haemoptysis?

A

Coughing of blood originating from the respiratory tract below the level of the larynx

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18
Q

What are 3 viral conditions that cause ruminal ulceration?

A
  • Mucosal disease
  • Malignant catarrhal fever
  • Foot and mouth disease
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19
Q

How does traumatic reticulitis/peritonitis occur?

A
  • Due to swallowing of acute foreign material (nails, wire…)

- Foreign body perforates reticulum (movement with peristalsis)

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20
Q

Describe the sequalae of traumatic reticulitis/peritonitis?

A

Chronic (focal) peritonitis, chronic pericarditis

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21
Q

Name the different sections of the abomasum

A
  • Cardia
  • Fundus
  • Body
  • Antrum
  • Pylorus
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22
Q

Which cells produce gastric acid?

A

Parietal cells

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23
Q

Which cells produce pepsinogen?

A

Chief cells

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24
Q

Describe the lining of the stomach

A

Lumen -> mucosa with gastric glands -> muscularis mucosae -> submucosa

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25
Q

Describe the pathogenesis/predispositions for gastric dilation and volvulus

A
  • Associated with excess eating + aerophagia
  • Mainly in deep-chested breeds (Great Dane, St. Bernard, Irish Setter, Wolfhound, Borzoi, Bloodhound)
    Predisposing factors :
    • Increased laxity of hepatogastric ligament
    • Diet of small food particles
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26
Q

Describe gastric dilation

A

Due to aerophagia (swallowing a lot of air) + food/fluid, stomach rotates its long axis

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27
Q

Describe gastric volvulus

A

360 degree (clock-wise, viewed from caudal aspect) results in displacements

  • Pylorus + terminal duodenum compressed between oesophagus and dilated stomach
  • Spleen moves with gastrosplenic ligament
  • Veins get occluded which arteries still pump blood into the organ -> congestion
  • Oesophagus: completely occluded
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28
Q

Describe the sequalae of gastric dilation and volvulus

A

a) Gastric haemorrhagic, infarction

b) Decreased venous return, decreased cardiac output, arterial hypotension, decreased renal function -> SHOCK

29
Q

Abomasal displacement affects dairy cows at what time?

A

Time of parturition

30
Q

Describe abomasal displacement

A

Abo displacement to anterior abdomen, usually ventrally to left of rumen

31
Q

What other conditions are seen with abomasal displacement?

A

Ketosis
Hypocalcaemia
Metritis
Retained placenta

32
Q

Describe ketosis

A

A process that happens when your body doesn’t have enough carbohydrates to burn for energy. Instead, it burns fat and makes things called ketones, which it can use for fuel

33
Q

What occurs in sequelae to abomasal displacement?

A

Haemorrhagic infarction

Abomasal volvulus

34
Q

Name a parasite found in the stomach of horses

A

Gastrophilus spp larvae

35
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of Gastrophilus and how they infect horses

A
  • Ova are deposited on hair and hatch spontaneously or after licking, first-stage larvae penetrate oral mucosa, molt, emerge and migrate down the alimentary tract
  • Attach to squamous mucosa (pars oesophagea)
  • Induce erosions (and chronic hyperplastic gastritis), but no apparent association between bot infestation and development of gastric ulcers
36
Q

Name two parasites found in the stomach of small ruminants

A

Haemonchus contortus

Teladorsagia circumcincta

37
Q

Name the parasite found in the stomach of cattle

A

Ostertagia ostertagi

38
Q

What are the effects of parasites in the stomach of ruminants

A

Blood-sucking parasites -> inflammation, erosions, ulcers, anaemia, cachexia, hypoproteinaemia oedema

39
Q

What is allotriophagia?

A

A depraved appetite; a desire for improper food. Having food cravings different from the expected or the norm

40
Q

What are the 3 causes of abnormal content in the stomach?

A
  • Allotriophagia
  • Zootrichobezoars (impacted hair balls in the abomasum of calves)
  • Gastroliths (stomach/gizzard stones)
41
Q

What is catarrhal inflammation?

A

Serous infm on mucosal + serosal surfaces

42
Q

Describe acute catarrhal gastritis

A
  • Catarrhal inflammation
  • Increased reddening and thickening of entire surface / parts of mucosa
  • Increased mucus production
43
Q

What are the 3 aetiological causes of acute catarrhal gastritis

A
  • Poisons
  • Infectious diseases e.g. cat Helicobacter spp
  • Parasites
44
Q

What are the 3 aetiological causes of acute haemorrhagic gastritis?

A
  • Poisons
  • Infectious diseases
  • Use of NSAIDs
45
Q

Describe how braxy disease causes acute haemorrhagic gastritis

A
  • Sheep [calves] in cold climates
  • Due to Clostridium septicum enterotoxin
  • Severe oedema + emphysema in submucosa, haemorrhage, venous thrombosis
46
Q

Haemorrhagic gastritis is seen with which conditions?

A
  • Anthrax
  • Leptospirosis
  • Uraemia
47
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of uraemic gastritis

A
  • Due to endothelial degeneration + necrosis -> thrombosis -> infarction
  • Due to excretion of high concentration of ammonium (with saliva + gastric juice) -> coagulative necrosis, haemorrhage, neutrophil infiltration, mineralisation
48
Q

What is the aetiological cause of uraemic gastritis?

A

Chronic renal failure

49
Q

What is the aetiological cause of (Fibrino-) necrotising gastritis

A

Mycotic infection

50
Q

Describe gastric ulcers in cattle

A
  • Mainly in pylorus

- Associated with environment (transport stress, diet…)

51
Q

Describe gastric ulcers in swine

A
  • in squamous epithelium

- associated with hyperacidity, finely ground grain diet, stress

52
Q

Describe gastric ulcers in foals/horses

A
  • mainly in non-glandular portion (squamous epithelium)

- association with Gastrophilus larvae?

53
Q

Describe gastric ulcers in dogs and cats

A

Pylorus and proximal duodenum: with mast cell tumours (raised histamine)

54
Q

What are the outcomes/consequences of gastric ulcers?

A 
• Haemorrhage 
due to vascular erosion:  
-> massive haemorrhage
-> remittent mild haemorrhage -> anaemia
• Perforation -> peritonitis
55
Q

Describe the features of gastric rupture

A
  • Most common in horses
  • Usually due to dilation
  • Most frequently along greater curvature (site of most intense dilation and least elasticity)
56
Q

How can you identify that a gastric rupture has occurred?

A
  • Irregular borders
  • Haemorrhage
  • Ingesta particles in omentum and close to rupture
57
Q

What happens within a few hours of gastric rupture?

A

Death: intoxication (ingesta) and shock

58
Q

Gastric torsion occurs as a consequence of … in horses?

A

Gastric dilation

59
Q

Describe primary and secondary gastric dilation

A

Primary gastric dilation: after consumption of excess fermentable carbohydrates, sudden access to lush pasture and excessive intake of water.
Secondary gastric dilation: sequel of obstruction of the small intestine or colic with ileus, in animals with grass sickness.

60
Q

Name some primary neoplasms of the stomach

A

o Adenocarcinoma

  • Adenoma / benign adenomatous polyps
  • Squamous cell carcinoma
  • Lymphosarcoma
  • Leiomyoma / leiomyosarcoma
  • Carcinoids
61
Q

Name 3 secondary neoplasms of the stomach

A
  • Lymphosarcoma
  • Mast cell tumour
  • Metastatic tumours from pancreas and liver
62
Q

Name the most frequent gastric neoplasm of dogs

A

Adenocarcinoma

63
Q

Where do adenocarcinomas arise from?

A

Epithelium of the gastric mucosa

64
Q

Where in the stomach do adenocarcinomas arise?

A

Arise in pyloric antrum along lesser curvature

65
Q

Describe the features of gastric adenocarcinomas

A
  • Locally widespread growth in stomach wall
  • Invasive growth
  • Superficial ulceration
  • Metastases to regional lymph nodes, liver and lungs
66
Q

Where do gastric squamous cell carcinomas arise from?

A

Squamous epithelium of cardia

67
Q

Describe the features of gastric squamous cell carcinomas

A
  • Mostly in species with large proventricular area (horse, pig, rat): more frequent than adenocarcinomas
  • Invasive growth
  • Occasionally: lymphatic invasion, metastases
68
Q

Which tumours arise from the smooth muscle cells of the tunica muscularis?

A

Leiomyoma / Leiomyosarcoma

69
Q

What is the primary gastric neoplasm of cats?

A

Lymphosarcoma

a) mainly in older animals
b) FeLV negative cats
c) B lymphocyte origin

Y3 - GI Pathology (5 decks)

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