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Y3 - GI Pathology > The Stomach > Flashcards

The Stomach Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the lining of the rumen

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

Papillae

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2
Q

Which part of the stomach has a honeycomb appearance?

A

Reticulum

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3
Q

Name the 4 stomach chambers

A

Rumen
Reticulum
Omasum
Abomasum

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4
Q

Describe parakeratosis/hyperkeratosis of the ruminal mucosa

A
  • Loss of ruminal papillae
  • Regarded as adaptive process to chemical changes in ruminal content [high concentrate feeding with <15% roughage in diet]
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5
Q

What is ruminal tympany?

A

= accumulation of excessive quantities of gas with impairment of normal eructation -> distention of rumen (bloat)

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6
Q

What are the consequences of severe ruminal tympany?

A

Emergency due to increased abdominal pressure -> decreased venous return + hypovolaemic shock -> Death

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7
Q

Which two gases accumulate in ruminal tympany?

A

Methane and carbon dioxide

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8
Q

Describe the two types of ruminal tympany

A

A) Primary/frothy bloat gas is dispersed as small bubbles in ruminal fluid so cannot escape with eructation [legumes form stable foam 2-3d post ingestion]
B) Secondary/free gas bloat less common

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9
Q

What is the cause of Secondary/free gas bloat?

A

Due to physical obstruction of oesophagus/pharynx or vagal indigestion

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10
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of ruminal tympany with primary/frothy bloat

A
  • Access to lush pasture causes high levels of soluble protein
  • Also causes a rumen pH change which changes the rumen bacteria -> decreased salivary function
  • Altogether these cause decreased surface tension and increased surface velocity which forms a stable foam
  • This stops eructation from being able to occur which causes ruminal distention
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11
Q

Describe the successive stages of ruminal acidosis

A

Ruminal acidosis -> rumenitis -> ulcers

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12
Q

What is the cause of ruminal acidosis?

A
  • Associated with abrupt change of diet [eg sudden large quantities of highly fermentable CHO]
  • Mainly seen in high production beef + dairy cattle
  • Pathogenesis: “carbohydrate overload”
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13
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of ruminal acidosis and its successive stages

A
  • Increased production of volatile fatty acids -> atony
  • Successive drop of ruminal pH
  • Proliferation of bacteria
  • Death (in 25-90% of cases) when pH<4.5
  • Survivors -> chemical rumenitis + reticulitis -> 2nd infect necrobacillosis + mycotic rumenitis
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14
Q

Which 2 bacterial spp proliferate in the rumen when there is a drop in pH?

A

Streptococcus bovis

Lactobacillus spp

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15
Q

Describe the sequalae of rumenitis

A

Rumenitis causes:

  • Devitalisation of mucosa, bacterial/mycotic ruminitis and allows bacteria entry into the portal system
  • > Hepatic abscesses
  • > Embolic pneumonia
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16
Q

What are the 3 consequences of embolic pneumonia?

A
  • Cor pulmonale
  • Caudal vena cava syndrome
  • Haemoptysis
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17
Q

What is Haemoptysis?

A

Coughing of blood originating from the respiratory tract below the level of the larynx

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18
Q

What are 3 viral conditions that cause ruminal ulceration?

A
  • Mucosal disease
  • Malignant catarrhal fever
  • Foot and mouth disease
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19
Q

How does traumatic reticulitis/peritonitis occur?

A
  • Due to swallowing of acute foreign material (nails, wire…)

- Foreign body perforates reticulum (movement with peristalsis)

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20
Q

Describe the sequalae of traumatic reticulitis/peritonitis?

A

Chronic (focal) peritonitis, chronic pericarditis

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21
Q

Name the different sections of the abomasum

A
  • Cardia
  • Fundus
  • Body
  • Antrum
  • Pylorus
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22
Q

Which cells produce gastric acid?

A

Parietal cells

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23
Q

Which cells produce pepsinogen?

A

Chief cells

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24
Q

Describe the lining of the stomach

A

Lumen -> mucosa with gastric glands -> muscularis mucosae -> submucosa

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25
Describe the pathogenesis/predispositions for gastric dilation and volvulus
- Associated with excess eating + aerophagia - Mainly in deep-chested breeds (Great Dane, St. Bernard, Irish Setter, Wolfhound, Borzoi, Bloodhound) Predisposing factors : • Increased laxity of hepatogastric ligament • Diet of small food particles
26
Describe gastric dilation
Due to aerophagia (swallowing a lot of air) + food/fluid, stomach rotates its long axis
27
Describe gastric volvulus
360 degree (clock-wise, viewed from caudal aspect) results in displacements - Pylorus + terminal duodenum compressed between oesophagus and dilated stomach - Spleen moves with gastrosplenic ligament - Veins get occluded which arteries still pump blood into the organ -> congestion - Oesophagus: completely occluded
28
Describe the sequalae of gastric dilation and volvulus
a) Gastric haemorrhagic, infarction | b) Decreased venous return, decreased cardiac output, arterial hypotension, decreased renal function -> SHOCK
29
Abomasal displacement affects dairy cows at what time?
Time of parturition
30
Describe abomasal displacement
Abo displacement to anterior abdomen, usually ventrally to left of rumen
31
What other conditions are seen with abomasal displacement?
Ketosis Hypocalcaemia Metritis Retained placenta
32
Describe ketosis
A process that happens when your body doesn't have enough carbohydrates to burn for energy. Instead, it burns fat and makes things called ketones, which it can use for fuel
33
What occurs in sequelae to abomasal displacement?
Haemorrhagic infarction | Abomasal volvulus
34
Name a parasite found in the stomach of horses
Gastrophilus spp larvae
35
Describe the pathogenesis of Gastrophilus and how they infect horses
- Ova are deposited on hair and hatch spontaneously or after licking, first-stage larvae penetrate oral mucosa, molt, emerge and migrate down the alimentary tract - Attach to squamous mucosa (pars oesophagea) - Induce erosions (and chronic hyperplastic gastritis), but no apparent association between bot infestation and development of gastric ulcers
36
Name two parasites found in the stomach of small ruminants
Haemonchus contortus | Teladorsagia circumcincta
37
Name the parasite found in the stomach of cattle
Ostertagia ostertagi
38
What are the effects of parasites in the stomach of ruminants
Blood-sucking parasites -> inflammation, erosions, ulcers, anaemia, cachexia, hypoproteinaemia oedema
39
What is allotriophagia?
A depraved appetite; a desire for improper food. Having food cravings different from the expected or the norm
40
What are the 3 causes of abnormal content in the stomach?
- Allotriophagia - Zootrichobezoars (impacted hair balls in the abomasum of calves) - Gastroliths (stomach/gizzard stones)
41
What is catarrhal inflammation?
Serous infm on mucosal + serosal surfaces
42
Describe acute catarrhal gastritis
- Catarrhal inflammation - Increased reddening and thickening of entire surface / parts of mucosa - Increased mucus production
43
What are the 3 aetiological causes of acute catarrhal gastritis
- Poisons - Infectious diseases e.g. cat Helicobacter spp - Parasites
44
What are the 3 aetiological causes of acute haemorrhagic gastritis?
- Poisons - Infectious diseases - Use of NSAIDs
45
Describe how braxy disease causes acute haemorrhagic gastritis
- Sheep [calves] in cold climates - Due to Clostridium septicum enterotoxin - Severe oedema + emphysema in submucosa, haemorrhage, venous thrombosis
46
Haemorrhagic gastritis is seen with which conditions?
- Anthrax - Leptospirosis - Uraemia
47
Describe the pathogenesis of uraemic gastritis
- Due to endothelial degeneration + necrosis -> thrombosis -> infarction - Due to excretion of high concentration of ammonium (with saliva + gastric juice) -> coagulative necrosis, haemorrhage, neutrophil infiltration, mineralisation
48
What is the aetiological cause of uraemic gastritis?
Chronic renal failure
49
What is the aetiological cause of (Fibrino-) necrotising gastritis
Mycotic infection
50
Describe gastric ulcers in cattle
- Mainly in pylorus | - Associated with environment (transport stress, diet…)
51
Describe gastric ulcers in swine
- in squamous epithelium | - associated with hyperacidity, finely ground grain diet, stress
52
Describe gastric ulcers in foals/horses
- mainly in non-glandular portion (squamous epithelium) | - association with Gastrophilus larvae?
53
Describe gastric ulcers in dogs and cats
Pylorus and proximal duodenum: with mast cell tumours (raised histamine)
54
What are the outcomes/consequences of gastric ulcers?
``` • Haemorrhage due to vascular erosion: -> massive haemorrhage -> remittent mild haemorrhage -> anaemia • Perforation -> peritonitis ```
55
Describe the features of gastric rupture
- Most common in horses - Usually due to dilation - Most frequently along greater curvature (site of most intense dilation and least elasticity)
56
How can you identify that a gastric rupture has occurred?
- Irregular borders - Haemorrhage - Ingesta particles in omentum and close to rupture
57
What happens within a few hours of gastric rupture?
Death: intoxication (ingesta) and shock
58
Gastric torsion occurs as a consequence of ... in horses?
Gastric dilation
59
Describe primary and secondary gastric dilation
Primary gastric dilation: after consumption of excess fermentable carbohydrates, sudden access to lush pasture and excessive intake of water. Secondary gastric dilation: sequel of obstruction of the small intestine or colic with ileus, in animals with grass sickness.
60
Name some primary neoplasms of the stomach
o Adenocarcinoma - Adenoma / benign adenomatous polyps - Squamous cell carcinoma - Lymphosarcoma - Leiomyoma / leiomyosarcoma - Carcinoids
61
Name 3 secondary neoplasms of the stomach
- Lymphosarcoma - Mast cell tumour - Metastatic tumours from pancreas and liver
62
Name the most frequent gastric neoplasm of dogs
Adenocarcinoma
63
Where do adenocarcinomas arise from?
Epithelium of the gastric mucosa
64
Where in the stomach do adenocarcinomas arise?
Arise in pyloric antrum along lesser curvature
65
Describe the features of gastric adenocarcinomas
- Locally widespread growth in stomach wall - Invasive growth - Superficial ulceration - Metastases to regional lymph nodes, liver and lungs
66
Where do gastric squamous cell carcinomas arise from?
Squamous epithelium of cardia
67
Describe the features of gastric squamous cell carcinomas
- Mostly in species with large proventricular area (horse, pig, rat): more frequent than adenocarcinomas - Invasive growth - Occasionally: lymphatic invasion, metastases
68
Which tumours arise from the smooth muscle cells of the tunica muscularis?
Leiomyoma / Leiomyosarcoma
69
What is the primary gastric neoplasm of cats?
Lymphosarcoma a) mainly in older animals b) FeLV negative cats c) B lymphocyte origin

Y3 - GI Pathology (5 decks)

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