Upper and Lower Limbs Flashcards
Name the two bones of the shoulder girdle?
Clavicle and Scapula
What does the clavicle articulate with?
Sternum and acromion of scapula
What does the scapula articulate with?
Humerus at the glenoid fossa
Acromion - clavicle
What is the bone of the upper arm?
Humerus
What are the two bones of the forearm?
The radial (lateral) and ulnar (medial)
Where does the humerus articulate distally?
Ulnar - at the trochlea
Radius - at the rounded capitulum
Where does the radial articulate?
Scaphoid and Lunate carpal bones
What bone is the olecranon part of?
The ulnar bone
Where does the ulnar articulate with the radius?
At the radial notch
How many carpal bones are there?
8 (Some lovers try positions that they can’t handle)
Moving radial to ulnar in the 2 rows what are the carpal bones?
Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetral, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate
How many metacarpal bones are there?
5
Name the two joints of the shoulder girdle?
Sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints
What two ligaments stabilise the acromioclavicular joint?
Acromioclavicular and coracoclavicular ligaments
What 4 muscles are involved in wrist flexion (wrist dropped)?
Flexor carpi radialis (median nerve), Palmaris longus (median nerve), Flexor carpi ulnaris (ulnar nerve) and Long flexors of digits
What 3 muscles are involved in wrist extension? ( wrist bent back)
Extensor carpi radialis
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Lng extensors of digits
What 3 muscles are involved in radial deviation (abduction)
Flexor carpi radialis
Extensor carpi radialis
Long flexor and extensor of the thumb
What 2 muscles are involved in ulnar deviation?
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Extensor carpi ulnaris
What ligaments reinforce the joint capsule of the hip? Which is the strongest?
Iliofemoral, Pubofemoral and Ischiofemoral - iliofemoral is the strongest
Where does the patellar ligament insert onto?
The tibial tuberosity
Where does most of the blood supply to the knee come from?
Genicular arteries of the popliteal artery
Where does psoas major arise from?
Transverse processes of all 5 lumbar vertebrae and sides of T12-L5 vertebra
What is the action of psoas major and what muscle does it “blend” with?
Flexion of the thigh at the hip and flexion of the trunk at the hip and blends with ilacus
What innervates psoas major?
L1-L3
Where does your tensor fascia latae originate and insert?
From ASIS to iliotibial tract - lateral condyle of tibia
What is the action of TFL?
flexes, abducts and medially rotates thigh at the hip
But chiefly hip flexion
What is the action of rectus femoris and what is its innervation?
Hip flexion but primarily knee extension
Innervated by femoral nerve - L2,3 and 4
What is the pectineus innervated by?
Femoral nerve
What is the action of pectineus?
Adduction and flexion of the thigh at the hip joint
assists medial rotation
What are the adductors of the hip and what is their innervation?
Obturator nerve
Longus, brevis and magnus
What is the action of gluteus maximus and what is it innervated by?
Powerful extensor and lateral rotator of thigh at the hip joint
Innervated by superior gluteal nerve
Where does the piriformis muscle arise from?
THe anterior surface of the 2nd-4th sacral segments and the sacrotuberous ligament
Where does the piriformis insert?
By round tendon into the greater trochanter of the femur
Where does the piriformis pass through and why is this of clinical relevance?
It passes through the greater sciatic forament in close relationship with the sciatic nerve - hypertrophy or spasm of this muscle can cause sciatica
Where does the femoral nerve arise from and what generally does it innervate?
L2,3 and 4 and innervates the extensors of the knee
Where does the obturator nerve arise from and what generally does it innervate?
L2,3 and 4 and innervates the adductors of the hip in the medial compartment
What does the sciatic nerve innervate?
ALl the muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh
What are the two branches of the sciatic nerve and what do they innervate?
Tibial and common fibular (peroneal) nerves that innervate all muscles below the knee
What is the femoral artery a continuation of?
The external iliac artery
What roots form the brachial plexus?
C5-T1 spinal nerves
What do the 5 roots of the brachial plexus give rise to?
3 trunks: Sup, Mid, Inf
3 anterior and 3 posterior divisions which form 3 cords: lateral, posterior and medial
These then give rise to the 5 terminal branches
What is an Erb’s palsy?
Upper plexus injury affecting largely the muscles of the shoulder and arm and present as an extended elbow and wrist drop but normal grasp
What does the radial nerve innervate?
Extensor compartment of the arm, the triceps and anconeus
What two nerves innervate the intrinsic muscles on the anterior side of the hand?
Median and ulnar nerves
What are the two largest superficial veins of the arm?
Cephalic vein and basilic vein
What vein passes across the anterior cubital fossa and what does it join?
Median cubital vein and joins the cephalic and basilic veins
What does the cephalic vein drain into?
The axillary vein
What are the three main muscles in the anterior compartment of the upper arm? Whats the innervation?
BBC - Biceps, bracialis and coracobracialis
Musculocutaneous nerve
What muscle forms the base of the cubital fossa?
Brachialis
What is the action of the coracobrachialis?
Flexion and adduction of the elbow and arm
What is the action of biceps brachii?
Flexion and supination at the elbow
What is the action of brachialis
Major flexor at the elbow
What muscles are contained within the posterior compartment of the upper arm? What is the innervation and main action?
Triceps brachii, extension, radial nerve
anconeus and brachioradialis?
What is the action of anconeus?
Assists triceps, stabilises elbow joint
What is the action of brachioradialis?
In between both compartments, innervated by radial nerve but flexes forearm
What is the blood supply to the arm (pathway)
SVC –> axillary artery after lateral margin of the 1st rib –> Brachial artery + Profunda brachii -> radial and ulnar –> superficial and deep palmar arches
What are the 3 parts of the axillary artery?
Superior thoracic (above teres minor)
Thoraco-acromial
Anterior and posterior circumflex arteries which go around the surgical neck of the humerus
Where does the profunda brachii artery run and what does it supply?
Runs in the radial groove of humerus and supplies posterior compartment of the arm. Also gives two collaterals to the lateral epicondyle
