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Anatomy > Head and Neck > Flashcards

Head and Neck Flashcards

1
Q

What passes through the foramina of the cribiform plate?

A

Olfactory nerve bundles

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2
Q

What passes through the optic canal?

A

Optic nerve

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3
Q

What passes through the superior orbital fissue?

A

oculomotor nerve (III), trochlear nerve (IV) and opthalmic=V1 and abducens nerve (VI)

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4
Q

What passes through the foramen rotundum?

A

maxilliary nerve V2

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5
Q

What passes through the foramen ovale

A

mandibular V3,

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6
Q

What passes through the carotid canal?

A

internal carotid artery and nerve plexus

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7
Q

What passes through the internal acoustic meatus?

A

Facial nerve (VII) and vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

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8
Q

What passes through the jugular foramen?

A

glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), vagus nerve (X), accessory nerve (XI)

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9
Q

What passes through the hypoglossal canal?

A

hypoglossal nerve (XII)

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10
Q

What are the ligaments of the temporomandibular joint?

A

lateral TMJ ligament, sphenomandibular ligament

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11
Q

What are the cartilages of the larynx?

A

thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis, paired arytenoid, corniculate and cuneiform cartilages

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12
Q

Where does the superior laryngeal nerve enter into the larynx?

A

through the thyrohyoid membrane

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13
Q

What does the buccinator muscle do?

A

aids in chewing contraction = muscle pressing cheek against molar teeth

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14
Q

What eye muscle raise the upper eyelid?

A

levator palpebrae superioris

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15
Q

What innervates the lateral rectus muscle?

A

abducens nerve (VI)

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16
Q

What innervates the superior oblique?

A

The trochlear nerve (IV)

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17
Q

What are the 4 rectus muscles of the eye and what movements does contraction of them make?

A

Superior: Elevates globe in abduction Inferior: depresses globe in abduction Lateral : pure abductor Medial: pure adductor

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18
Q

What movements do the oblique muscles of the eye produce?

A

Superior: depresses globe in adduction Inferior: elevates globe in abduction

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19
Q

What are the 4 muscles of mastication?

A

Temporalis, Masseter, Lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid

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20
Q

Where is the temporalis muscle found?

A

Floor of the temporal fossa

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21
Q

What is the action of the temporalis muscle?

A

elevates the mandible and closes the jaw

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22
Q

What does the masseter muscle do?

A

elevates the mandible and closes the jaw

23
Q

Where does the masseter originate and insert?

A

the zygomatic arch and to the lateral surface of the mandible

24
Q

What is the function of the lateral pterygoid?

A

To open the jaws and to protrude jaw forward with medial pterygoid allows grinding

25
Q

What are the boundaries of the oropharynx?

A

Soft palate to superior margin of epiglottis

26
Q

What tonsils are within the oropharynx?

A

lingual pharyngeal and palatine

27
Q

What is the pharyngeal isthmus?

A

Connects naso and oral pharynx

28
Q

What are the two types of muscle in the pharynx?

A

Constrictor (smooth muscle) and longitudinal (skeletal)

29
Q

What muscle of the pharynx seals the pharyngeal isthmus when swallowing?

A

Superior constrictor containing the palatopharyngeal sphincter

30
Q

What are the 3 longitudinal pharyngeal muscles and what do they do?

A

They all elevate the larynx and shorten the pharynx during swallowing and speaking Stylopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus and salpingopharyngeus

31
Q

What is stylopharyngeus innervated by?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

32
Q

What are most all the muscles of the pharynx innervated by?

A

Vagus nerve

33
Q

What muscle stretchs and tenses the vocal cords and what is its innervation?

A

Cricothyroid superior laryngeal nerve of vagus

34
Q

Which muscle is the sphincter that closes the eyelids?

A

Orbicularis oculi made up of three parts: orbital, palpebral and lacrimal

35
Q

Where do all cerebral arteries arise from?

A

The circle of Willis

36
Q

What do the 2 vertebral arteries become in the brain?

A

The basilar artery

37
Q

What are the branches of the internal carotid artery once they enter the brain? Where do they enter the brain?

A

Enter brain just posterior to the orbits and continue as middle cerebral arteries and anterior cerebral arteries

38
Q

What artery links the posterior cerebral arteries with the middle cerebral artery?

A

Posterior communicating artery

39
Q

What links the two anterior cerebral arteries?

A

The anterior communicating artery

40
Q

Nerve damage to oculomotor nerve or the sympathetic pathway to the head can result in what clinical sign - and how would you distinguish between the two?

A

Ptosis

CNIII = marked ptosis due to denervation of levator palpebrae superioris (raises upper eyelid)

Sympathetic = slight due to denervation of the small smooth muscle in the eyelid

41
Q

Name the blue, purple, red, green, white and orange arteries

A

Blue = anterior cerebral arteries

Purple = Middle cerebral arteries

Red (leading into purple) = internal carotid arteries

Green = Posterior communicating arteries

White = Posterior cerebral arteries

Orange = Superior cerebellar arteries

Red (from orange) = Basilar arteries -> vertebral arteries –> anterior inferior and posterior inferior cerebellar arteries

42
Q

What is the origin of the mylohoid bone? Innervation?

A

Mylohyoid line of the mandible

Mandibular branch of trigeminal

43
Q

Where does geniohyoid attach, what is it more superior to and what is its innervation?

A

from mental spine of mandible –> hyoid

Superior to mylohyoid

Innervated by hypoglossal nerve

44
Q

What are the “suprahydoid muscles”

A

Digastric, stylohyoid, mylohyoid, geniohyoid

45
Q

What are the 3 extrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

Genioglossus, hyoglossus and styloglossus

46
Q

If there is ipsilateral damage to the hypoglossal nerve what will you see when asking the patient to stick their tongue out?

A

The tongue wil deviate to the side of the lesion due to unopposed genioglossus ipsilaterally

47
Q

What three muscles arise from the styloid process?

A

Styloglossus, stylohyoid and stylopharyngeus

48
Q

What are the 3 pharyngeal constictor muscles, what is their motor and sensory innervation and what do they do?

A

Superior, middle and inferior

Motor: vagus nerve

Sensory: glossopharyngeal

Movement of food during swallowing

49
Q

What is the sternocleidomastoid muscle innervated by?

A

Accessory nerve (CNXI)

50
Q

What happens to the muscles in the eye if there is unilateral damage to the oculomotor nerve?

A

Paralysis of the 4 extraocular muscles (superior, medial and inferior rectus + inferior oblique) , paralysis of upper eyelid

= opthalmoplegia and ptosis

also PSS fibres affected in nerve will cause pupilliary dilatation and inability to accomodate on the affected side

51
Q

What are the 3 layers of the eyeball?

A

External fibrous layer: sclera and cornea

Middle vascular pigmented layer: choroid, ciliary body and iris

Internal neural layer: retina

52
Q
A
53
Q
A

Anatomy (6 decks)

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