Head and Neck Flashcards
What passes through the foramina of the cribiform plate?
Olfactory nerve bundles
What passes through the optic canal?
Optic nerve
What passes through the superior orbital fissue?
oculomotor nerve (III), trochlear nerve (IV) and opthalmic=V1 and abducens nerve (VI)
What passes through the foramen rotundum?
maxilliary nerve V2
What passes through the foramen ovale
mandibular V3,
What passes through the carotid canal?
internal carotid artery and nerve plexus
What passes through the internal acoustic meatus?
Facial nerve (VII) and vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
What passes through the jugular foramen?
glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), vagus nerve (X), accessory nerve (XI)
What passes through the hypoglossal canal?
hypoglossal nerve (XII)
What are the ligaments of the temporomandibular joint?
lateral TMJ ligament, sphenomandibular ligament
What are the cartilages of the larynx?
thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis, paired arytenoid, corniculate and cuneiform cartilages
Where does the superior laryngeal nerve enter into the larynx?
through the thyrohyoid membrane
What does the buccinator muscle do?
aids in chewing contraction = muscle pressing cheek against molar teeth
What eye muscle raise the upper eyelid?
levator palpebrae superioris
What innervates the lateral rectus muscle?
abducens nerve (VI)
What innervates the superior oblique?
The trochlear nerve (IV)
What are the 4 rectus muscles of the eye and what movements does contraction of them make?
Superior: Elevates globe in abduction Inferior: depresses globe in abduction Lateral : pure abductor Medial: pure adductor
What movements do the oblique muscles of the eye produce?
Superior: depresses globe in adduction Inferior: elevates globe in abduction
What are the 4 muscles of mastication?
Temporalis, Masseter, Lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid
Where is the temporalis muscle found?
Floor of the temporal fossa
What is the action of the temporalis muscle?
elevates the mandible and closes the jaw
What does the masseter muscle do?
elevates the mandible and closes the jaw
Where does the masseter originate and insert?
the zygomatic arch and to the lateral surface of the mandible
What is the function of the lateral pterygoid?
To open the jaws and to protrude jaw forward with medial pterygoid allows grinding
What are the boundaries of the oropharynx?
Soft palate to superior margin of epiglottis
What tonsils are within the oropharynx?
lingual pharyngeal and palatine
What is the pharyngeal isthmus?
Connects naso and oral pharynx
What are the two types of muscle in the pharynx?
Constrictor (smooth muscle) and longitudinal (skeletal)
What muscle of the pharynx seals the pharyngeal isthmus when swallowing?
Superior constrictor containing the palatopharyngeal sphincter
What are the 3 longitudinal pharyngeal muscles and what do they do?
They all elevate the larynx and shorten the pharynx during swallowing and speaking Stylopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus and salpingopharyngeus
What is stylopharyngeus innervated by?
Glossopharyngeal nerve
What are most all the muscles of the pharynx innervated by?
Vagus nerve
What muscle stretchs and tenses the vocal cords and what is its innervation?
Cricothyroid superior laryngeal nerve of vagus
Which muscle is the sphincter that closes the eyelids?
Orbicularis oculi made up of three parts: orbital, palpebral and lacrimal
Where do all cerebral arteries arise from?
The circle of Willis
What do the 2 vertebral arteries become in the brain?
The basilar artery
What are the branches of the internal carotid artery once they enter the brain? Where do they enter the brain?
Enter brain just posterior to the orbits and continue as middle cerebral arteries and anterior cerebral arteries
What artery links the posterior cerebral arteries with the middle cerebral artery?
Posterior communicating artery
What links the two anterior cerebral arteries?
The anterior communicating artery
Nerve damage to oculomotor nerve or the sympathetic pathway to the head can result in what clinical sign - and how would you distinguish between the two?
Ptosis
CNIII = marked ptosis due to denervation of levator palpebrae superioris (raises upper eyelid)
Sympathetic = slight due to denervation of the small smooth muscle in the eyelid
Name the blue, purple, red, green, white and orange arteries
Blue = anterior cerebral arteries
Purple = Middle cerebral arteries
Red (leading into purple) = internal carotid arteries
Green = Posterior communicating arteries
White = Posterior cerebral arteries
Orange = Superior cerebellar arteries
Red (from orange) = Basilar arteries -> vertebral arteries –> anterior inferior and posterior inferior cerebellar arteries
What is the origin of the mylohoid bone? Innervation?
Mylohyoid line of the mandible
Mandibular branch of trigeminal
Where does geniohyoid attach, what is it more superior to and what is its innervation?
from mental spine of mandible –> hyoid
Superior to mylohyoid
Innervated by hypoglossal nerve
What are the “suprahydoid muscles”
Digastric, stylohyoid, mylohyoid, geniohyoid
What are the 3 extrinsic muscles of the tongue
Genioglossus, hyoglossus and styloglossus
If there is ipsilateral damage to the hypoglossal nerve what will you see when asking the patient to stick their tongue out?
The tongue wil deviate to the side of the lesion due to unopposed genioglossus ipsilaterally
What three muscles arise from the styloid process?
Styloglossus, stylohyoid and stylopharyngeus
What are the 3 pharyngeal constictor muscles, what is their motor and sensory innervation and what do they do?
Superior, middle and inferior
Motor: vagus nerve
Sensory: glossopharyngeal
Movement of food during swallowing
What is the sternocleidomastoid muscle innervated by?
Accessory nerve (CNXI)
What happens to the muscles in the eye if there is unilateral damage to the oculomotor nerve?
Paralysis of the 4 extraocular muscles (superior, medial and inferior rectus + inferior oblique) , paralysis of upper eyelid
= opthalmoplegia and ptosis
also PSS fibres affected in nerve will cause pupilliary dilatation and inability to accomodate on the affected side
What are the 3 layers of the eyeball?
External fibrous layer: sclera and cornea
Middle vascular pigmented layer: choroid, ciliary body and iris
Internal neural layer: retina
