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Biology 12 > UPGRADE: Molecular Genetics > Flashcards

UPGRADE: Molecular Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Transformation

A

A change in genotype or phenotype caused by the direct uptake of genetic material by a cell.

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2
Q

Bacteriophage

A

A virus that infects bacteria.

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3
Q

Purine

A

A class of nitrogenous bases with a double-ring structure; adenine and guanine are purines.

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4
Q

Pyrimidine

A

A class of nitrogenous vases with a single-ring structure; thymine and cytosine are pyrimidines.

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5
Q

Complementary base pairing

A

The chemical tendency to adenine to form hydrogen bonds with thymine, and cytosine to form hydrogen bonds with guanine.

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6
Q

Nucleosome

A

A unit of DNA storage, consisting of 8 histones with DNA strands wrapped around them; the DNA around each nucleosome is about 147 nucleotides in length.

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7
Q

Solenoid

A

A group of 6 nucleosomes.

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8
Q

Super coiling

A

The continuous twisting of prokaryotic DNA that reduces the volume of the DNA.

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9
Q

Telomere

A

A repeating sequence of DNA at the end of a chromosome that protects coding regions from being lost during replication.

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10
Q

Semiconservative replication

A

A mechanism of DNA replication in which each of the 2 strands of parent DNA is incorporated into a new double-stranded DNA molecule.

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11
Q

Replication origin

A

A specific sequence of DNA that acts as a starting point for replication.

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12
Q

Helicase

A

A replication enzyme that separates and unwinds the DNA strands.

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13
Q

Replication fork

A

The point of separation of the 2 parent DNA strands during replication.

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14
Q

Topoisomerases

A

A class of enzymes that relieve tension caused by the unwinding of parent DNA; they cleave one or two of the DNA strands, allow the strand(s) to untwist, and then rejoin the strand(s).

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15
Q

Single-stranded binding protein (SSB)

A

A replication enzyme that prevents parent DNA strands from annealing to each other once they have been separated by helicase.

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16
Q

Replication bubble

A

The separating of DNA in both directions during replication.

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17
Q

Nucleoside triphosphate

A

A building block and energy source for replicating DNA.

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18
Q

RNA primase

A

A replication enzyme that produces RNA primers.

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19
Q

RNA primer

A

A replication molecule that acts as a starting point for replication.

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20
Q

DNA polymerase III

A

A prokaryotic replication enzyme that builds new DNA strands from nucleotides.

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21
Q

Leading strand

A

The DNA strand that is copied in the direction toward the replication fork.

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22
Q

Lagging strand

A

The DNA strand that is copied in the direction toward the replication fork.

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23
Q

Okazaki gragment

A

The piece of new DNA on the lagging strand.

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24
Q

DNA polymerase I

A

A prokaryotic replication enzyme that fills in gaps in the lagging strand between Okazaki fragments; also proofreads the final strands.

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25
DNA ligase
An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of a phosphodiester bond between 2 DNA strands, as well as between Okazaki fragments.
26
DNA polymerase
A prokarytoic replication enzyme that repairs damage to DNA, including damage that occurs between replication events.
27
One gene-one enzyme hypothesis
The hypothesis, proposed by Beadle and Tatum, that each gene is unique and codes for the synthesis of a single enzyme.
28
One gene-one polypeptide hypothesis
The hypothesis that each gene is unique and codes for the synthesis of a single polypeptide; the restated version of the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis.
29
Central dogma
The fundamental principle of molecular genetics, which states that genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins.
30
Transcription
Mechanism by which the information coded in nucleic acids of DNA is copied into the nucleic acids of RNA; something rewritten in the same language.
31
Translation
Mechanism by which the information coded in the nucleic acids of RNA is copied into the amino acid of proteins.
32
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
The end product of the transcription of a gene; mRNA is translated by ribose into a protein.
33
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
A carrier molecule that binds to a specific amino acid and adds the amino acid of the growing polypeptide chain.
34
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
An RNA molecule within the ribosome that bonds the correct amino acid to the polypeptide chain.
35
RNA polymerase
An enzyme that reads a DNA strand and creates a complementary strand of RNA.
36
Template strand
The DNA strand that is copied into an mRNA molecule during gene transcription.
37
Precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA)
The initial RNA transcription product.
38
Genetic code
The specific coding relationship between bases and the amino acids they specify; the genetic code can e expressed in terms of either DNA or RNA bases.
39
Codon
A group of 3 base pairs that code for an individual amino acid
40
Start codon (initiator codon)
The codon that signals the start of a polypeptide chain and initiates translation.
41
Stop codon
A codon that signals the end of a polypeptide chain and causes the ribosome to terminate translation.
42
Promotor
A nucleotide sequence that lies just before a gene and allows for the binding of RNA polymerase.
43
TATA box
A region of the promoter that enables the binding of RNA polymerase.
44
Coding strand
The DNA strand that is not being copied but contains the same sequence as the new RNA molecule.
45
Termination sequence
A sequence of bases at the end of a gene that signals the RNA polymerase to stop transcribing.
46
Poly (A) tail
A chain of adenine nucleotides that are added to the 3' end of the pre-mRNA molecule to protect it from enzymes in the cytosol.
47
5' cap
A sequence of 7 Gs that is added to the start of a pre-mRNA molecule; ribosomes recognize this site and use it as the site of initial attachment.
48
Exon
A sequence of DNA or RNA that codes for part of a gene.
49
Intron
A non-coding sequence of DNA or RNA.
50
Spliceosome
An enzyme-protein complex that removes introns from the mRNA.
51
Small ribonucleoprotein (snRNP)
A protein that binds to introns and signals them for removal.
52
Anticodon
The complementary sequence of base pairs on a tRNA that corresponds to a codon on an mRNA.
53
Aminoacylation
The process by which a tRNA molecule is bound to its corresponding amino acid.
54
Aminoacyl-tRNA
A molecule of transfer RNA bound to its associated amino acid.
55
Reading frame
A particular system for separating a base pair sequence into readable codons.
56
Point mutations
A change in a single nucleotide with a gene.
57
Substitution
The replacement of one base pair in a DNA sequence by another base pair.
58
Insertion
The addition of a base pair (small-scale mutation) or large coding region (large-scale mutation) to a DNA sequence.
59
Deletion
The removal of a base pair (small-scale mutation) or large coding region (large-scale mutation) from a DNA sequence.
60
Inversion
Two adjacent bases trading places (small-scale mutation) or the reversal of a sequence of DNA (large-scale mutation).
61
Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)
A difference in the DNA between individuals caused by point mutations.
62
Missense mutation
A mutation that changes a single amino acid in the coding sequence.
63
Nonsense mutation
A mutation that results in a premature stop codon.
64
Silent mutation
A mutation that does not alter the resulting sequence of amino acids.
65
Frameshift mutation
A shift in the reading frame resulting in multiple missense and.or nonsense effects.
66
Translocation
The movement of entire genes of sequences of DNA from one chromosome to another.
67
Spontaneous mutation
A mutation that is caused by an error in DNA replication.
68
Induced mutation
A mutation that is caused by an environmental agent.
69
Mutagen
An environmental agent that directly alters the DNA within a cell.

Biology 12 (7 decks)

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