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Biology 12 > UPGRADE: Biochemistry > Flashcards

UPGRADE: Biochemistry Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Ionic bonds

A

A bond that results from the attraction between two oppositely charged atoms or molecules.

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2
Q

Cation

A

An ion that has a positive charge.

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3
Q

Anion

A

An ion that has a negative charge.

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4
Q

Electronegativity

A

The measure of an atom’s attraction to shared electrons.

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5
Q

Polarity

A

Partial positive or negative charge at the ends of a molecule.

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6
Q

Intermolecular forces

A

The force of attraction between two molecules.

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7
Q

Van der Waals forces

A

Very weak attractions between two molecules when they are close together.

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8
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

The attractive force between a partially positive charged hydrogen atom and a partially negative charged atom in another molecule.

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9
Q

Dehydration reaction

A

A chemical reaction in which subunits of a larger molecule are joined by the removal of water; also called a condensation reaction.

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10
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

A chemical reaction in which an acid and a base combine to create a salt and water.

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11
Q

Neutralization reaction

A

A reaction which an acid and a base combine to create salt and water.

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12
Q

Redox reaction

A

A reaction in which a molecule gains electrons.

OIL RIG

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13
Q

Oxidation

A

A reaction in which a molecule loses electrons.

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14
Q

Reduction

A

A reaction in which a molecule gains electrons.

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15
Q

Autoionixation

A

The process in which a molecule spontaneously dissociates into ions.

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16
Q

Buffer

A

A chemical that compensates for pH changes in a solution by accepting or donating H+ ions.

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17
Q

Functional group

A

A group of atoms that affects the function of a molecule by participating in chemical reactions.

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18
Q

Carbohydrate

A

A biomolecule that consists of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen.

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19
Q

Monosaccharide

A

The simplest form of carbohydrate, consisting of a single sugar unit; a building block for more complex carbohydrates.
Usually has a ration of 1 carbon : 2 hydrogen : 1 oxygen

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20
Q

Isomer

A

A molecule that has the same composition as another, but different arrangement of atoms.

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21
Q

Disaccharide

A

A carbohydrate molecule that is made from two monosaccharide units.

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22
Q

Glycosidic bond

A

A bond between two monosaccharides.

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23
Q

Complex carbohydrate

A

A molecule that is composed of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides linked together; an essential part of nutrition and a valuable energy source.

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24
Q

Polysaccharide molecule

A

A molecule that contains many linked monosaccharides.

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25
Q

Polymerization

A

A process in which small subunits are linked to form a large molecule.

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26
Q

Lipid

A

A non-polar compound that is made mostly of carbon and hydrogen.

27
Q

Fatty acid

A

A molecule that consists of a carboxyl group and a hydrocarbon chain.

28
Q

Triglycerides

A

A fat; 3 fatty acid chains linked to a glycerol molecule.

29
Q

Saturated fat

A

A lipid that is composed of saturated fatty acids with single bonds in their hydrocarbon chain.
Ex: butter & lard

30
Q

Unsaturated fat

A

A lipid that is composed of unsaturated fatty acids with double bonds in their carbon chain.
Ex: oils

31
Q

Phospholipid

A

A lipid that consists of two fatty acids and a phosphate group bound to glycerol.

32
Q

Steriod

A

A lipid that is composed of 4 carbon rings.

33
Q

Protein

A

A large molecule that consists of many amino acid subunits that are joined together by peptide bonds folded into a specific 3D shape.

34
Q

Nucleic acid

A

A blueprint for proteins that are synthesized in cells; stores hereditary information.

35
Q

Amino acid

A

A molecule that contains a carboxyl group and an amino group; serves as the monomer subunit of proteins.

36
Q

Peptide bond

A

A covalent bond that links amino acids.

37
Q

Peptide

A

A chain of amino acid subunits that are connected by peptide bonds.

38
Q

Polypeptide

A

A peptide with more than 50 amino acids.

39
Q

Denaturation

A

The loss of both the structure and function of a protein.

40
Q

Nucleotide

A

The building block of nucleic acids consisting of a 5-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and one to 3 phosphate groups.

41
Q

Phosphodiester bond

A

A link that is formed between nucleotides by a phosphate bridge.

42
Q

Antiparallel

A

Oriented in opposite directions.

43
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

The idea that a biological membrane consists of a fluid phospholipid bilayer, in which proteins are embedded and float freely.

44
Q

Glycolipid

A

Any membrane lipid that is bound to a carbohydrate.

45
Q

Glycoprotein

A

A membrane component that contains a sugar, or carbohydrate, bound to an amino acid.

46
Q

Sterol

A

A type of steroid with an OH group at one end of a non-polar hydrocarbon chain at the other.

47
Q

Integral membrane protein

A

A protein that is embedded in the lipid bilayer.

48
Q

Peripheral membrane protein

A

A protein on the surface of the membrane.

49
Q

Passive transport

A

The movement of a substance across a membrane without expending energy.

50
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

The state in which continuous action results in balanced conditions.

51
Q

Simple diffusion

A

The ability of small and non-polar substances to move across a membrane unassisted.

52
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

The facilitated transport of ions and polar molecules through a membrane via protein complexes.

53
Q

Transport protein

A

A hydrophilic pathway in a membrane that enables water and ions to pass through.

54
Q

Carrier protein

A

A protein that binds to a molecule and transports it across the lipid bilayer.

55
Q

Osmosis

A

The passive diffusion of water across a membrane.

56
Q

Hypotonic

A

The property of a solution that has a lower solute concentration than another solution.

57
Q

Hypertonic

A

The property of a solution that has a higher solute concentration than another solution.

58
Q

Isotonic

A

The property of a solution that has the same solute concentration as another solution.

59
Q

Elecrochemical Gradient

A

The combined effects of a difference in electrical potential energy and a difference in the concentration gradients of ions.

60
Q

Mitochondrion

A

An organelle with two membranes (inner folded membrane); manufactures ATP during aerobic cellular respiration; tissues with higher energy demands have more mitochondria.

61
Q

Chloroplast

A

A double-membrane-bound organelle that contains enzymes and pigments that are used to perform photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells; two outer membranes enclose a semifluid interior called a stroma.

62
Q

Exocytosis

A

Carries large materials like secretory proteins and waste outside of the cell.

63
Q

Endocytosis

A

Carries proteins, larger aggregates of molecules, or even whole cells inside the cells.

Biology 12 (7 decks)

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