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Biology 12 > UPGRADE: Biochemistry > Flashcards

UPGRADE: Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Ionic bonds

A

A bond that results from the attraction between two oppositely charged atoms or molecules.

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2
Q

Cation

A

An ion that has a positive charge.

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3
Q

Anion

A

An ion that has a negative charge.

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4
Q

Electronegativity

A

The measure of an atom’s attraction to shared electrons.

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5
Q

Polarity

A

Partial positive or negative charge at the ends of a molecule.

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6
Q

Intermolecular forces

A

The force of attraction between two molecules.

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7
Q

Van der Waals forces

A

Very weak attractions between two molecules when they are close together.

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8
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

The attractive force between a partially positive charged hydrogen atom and a partially negative charged atom in another molecule.

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9
Q

Dehydration reaction

A

A chemical reaction in which subunits of a larger molecule are joined by the removal of water; also called a condensation reaction.

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10
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

A chemical reaction in which an acid and a base combine to create a salt and water.

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11
Q

Neutralization reaction

A

A reaction which an acid and a base combine to create salt and water.

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12
Q

Redox reaction

A

A reaction in which a molecule gains electrons.

OIL RIG

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13
Q

Oxidation

A

A reaction in which a molecule loses electrons.

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14
Q

Reduction

A

A reaction in which a molecule gains electrons.

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15
Q

Autoionixation

A

The process in which a molecule spontaneously dissociates into ions.

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16
Q

Buffer

A

A chemical that compensates for pH changes in a solution by accepting or donating H+ ions.

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17
Q

Functional group

A

A group of atoms that affects the function of a molecule by participating in chemical reactions.

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18
Q

Carbohydrate

A

A biomolecule that consists of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen.

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19
Q

Monosaccharide

A

The simplest form of carbohydrate, consisting of a single sugar unit; a building block for more complex carbohydrates.
Usually has a ration of 1 carbon : 2 hydrogen : 1 oxygen

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20
Q

Isomer

A

A molecule that has the same composition as another, but different arrangement of atoms.

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21
Q

Disaccharide

A

A carbohydrate molecule that is made from two monosaccharide units.

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22
Q

Glycosidic bond

A

A bond between two monosaccharides.

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23
Q

Complex carbohydrate

A

A molecule that is composed of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides linked together; an essential part of nutrition and a valuable energy source.

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24
Q

Polysaccharide molecule

A

A molecule that contains many linked monosaccharides.

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25
Polymerization
A process in which small subunits are linked to form a large molecule.
26
Lipid
A non-polar compound that is made mostly of carbon and hydrogen.
27
Fatty acid
A molecule that consists of a carboxyl group and a hydrocarbon chain.
28
Triglycerides
A fat; 3 fatty acid chains linked to a glycerol molecule.
29
Saturated fat
A lipid that is composed of saturated fatty acids with single bonds in their hydrocarbon chain. Ex: butter & lard
30
Unsaturated fat
A lipid that is composed of unsaturated fatty acids with double bonds in their carbon chain. Ex: oils
31
Phospholipid
A lipid that consists of two fatty acids and a phosphate group bound to glycerol.
32
Steriod
A lipid that is composed of 4 carbon rings.
33
Protein
A large molecule that consists of many amino acid subunits that are joined together by peptide bonds folded into a specific 3D shape.
34
Nucleic acid
A blueprint for proteins that are synthesized in cells; stores hereditary information.
35
Amino acid
A molecule that contains a carboxyl group and an amino group; serves as the monomer subunit of proteins.
36
Peptide bond
A covalent bond that links amino acids.
37
Peptide
A chain of amino acid subunits that are connected by peptide bonds.
38
Polypeptide
A peptide with more than 50 amino acids.
39
Denaturation
The loss of both the structure and function of a protein.
40
Nucleotide
The building block of nucleic acids consisting of a 5-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and one to 3 phosphate groups.
41
Phosphodiester bond
A link that is formed between nucleotides by a phosphate bridge.
42
Antiparallel
Oriented in opposite directions.
43
Fluid mosaic model
The idea that a biological membrane consists of a fluid phospholipid bilayer, in which proteins are embedded and float freely.
44
Glycolipid
Any membrane lipid that is bound to a carbohydrate.
45
Glycoprotein
A membrane component that contains a sugar, or carbohydrate, bound to an amino acid.
46
Sterol
A type of steroid with an OH group at one end of a non-polar hydrocarbon chain at the other.
47
Integral membrane protein
A protein that is embedded in the lipid bilayer.
48
Peripheral membrane protein
A protein on the surface of the membrane.
49
Passive transport
The movement of a substance across a membrane without expending energy.
50
Dynamic equilibrium
The state in which continuous action results in balanced conditions.
51
Simple diffusion
The ability of small and non-polar substances to move across a membrane unassisted.
52
Facilitated diffusion
The facilitated transport of ions and polar molecules through a membrane via protein complexes.
53
Transport protein
A hydrophilic pathway in a membrane that enables water and ions to pass through.
54
Carrier protein
A protein that binds to a molecule and transports it across the lipid bilayer.
55
Osmosis
The passive diffusion of water across a membrane.
56
Hypotonic
The property of a solution that has a lower solute concentration than another solution.
57
Hypertonic
The property of a solution that has a higher solute concentration than another solution.
58
Isotonic
The property of a solution that has the same solute concentration as another solution.
59
Elecrochemical Gradient
The combined effects of a difference in electrical potential energy and a difference in the concentration gradients of ions.
60
Mitochondrion
An organelle with two membranes (inner folded membrane); manufactures ATP during aerobic cellular respiration; tissues with higher energy demands have more mitochondria.
61
Chloroplast
A double-membrane-bound organelle that contains enzymes and pigments that are used to perform photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells; two outer membranes enclose a semifluid interior called a stroma.
62
Exocytosis
Carries large materials like secretory proteins and waste outside of the cell.
63
Endocytosis
Carries proteins, larger aggregates of molecules, or even whole cells inside the cells.

Biology 12 (7 decks)

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