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Biology 12 > UPGRADE: Metabolism > Flashcards

UPGRADE: Metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum of all chemical reactions in a cell or organism.

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2
Q

Kinetic energy

A

The energy of motion.

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3
Q

Potential energy

A

The stored energy that an object possesses as a result of its position relative to other objects or to its internal structure.

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4
Q

The first law of thermodynamics

A

Principle that states that energy can be transferred or transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.

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5
Q

Bond energy

A

The minimum amount of energy that is required to break a particular type of bond, measured in kJ/mol of bonds.

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6
Q

Mole

A

The number (approximately 6.022 X 10^23) of atoms or molecules whose mass in grams is equal to the atomic mass of one such particle in atomic mass units; one carbon atom is has a mass of 12 AU, and, therefore, one mole of carbon atoms has a mass of 12 g.

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7
Q

Activation energy

A

The minimum amount of energy that chemical reactions must absorb to start a reaction.

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8
Q

Transition state

A

A temporary condition during a chemical reaction in which the bonds in the reactants are breaking and the bonds in the products are forming.

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9
Q

Exothermic reaction

A

A chemical reaction in which energy is released, leaving the products with less chemical potential energy than the reactants.

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10
Q

Endothermic reaction

A

A chemical reaction in which energy is absorbed, giving the products more chemical potential energy that than the reactants.

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11
Q

Spontaneous change

A

A change that will, once begin, continue on its own under a given set of conditions; does not require a continuous supply of energy.

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12
Q

Free energy

A

Energy that can do useful work; also called Gibbs free energy.

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13
Q

Exergonic reaction

A

A chemical reaction that releases free energy; the products have less free energy than the reactants.

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14
Q

Endergonic reaction

A

A chemical reaction that absorbs free energy; the products have more free energy than the reactants.

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15
Q

Energy coupling

A

The transfer of energy from one reaction to another in order to drive the second reaction.

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16
Q

Catabolic pathway

A

A pathway in which energy is released and complex molecules are broken down into simple molecules.
Negative ΔG

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17
Q

Anabolic pathway

A

A pathway in which energy is supplied to build complex molecules from simple molecules.
Positive ΔG

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18
Q

Aerobic cellular respiration

A

A process that uses oxygen to harvest energy from organic compounds.

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19
Q

Obligate aerobe

A

An organism that cannot live without oxygen.

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20
Q

Substrate-level phosphorylation

A

The formation of ATP by the direct transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP.

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21
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

A process that forms ATP using energy transferred indirectly that forms ATP using energy transferred indirectly from a series of redox reactions.

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22
Q

Glycolysis

A

A series of reactions in which a glucose molecules is broken into two pyruvate molecules and energy is released.

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23
Q

Pyruvate oxidation

A

A reaction in which pyruvate is oxidized by NAD+, and CO2 is removed, forming an acetyl group and releasing NADH.

24
Q

Citric acid cycle

A

A cyclic series of reactions that transfers energy from organic molecules to ATP, NADH, and FADH2 and releases carbon atoms as CO2.

25
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

A process that uses a final inorganic oxidizing agent other than oxygen to produce energy.

26
Q

Fermentation

A

A process that uses an organic compound as the final oxidizing agent to produce energy.

27
Q

Obligate anaerobe

A

An organism that cannot survive in the presence of oxygen.

28
Q

Decarboxylation reaction

A

A chemical reaction that removes a carboxyl group to form CO2.

29
Q

Dehydrogenation

A

The removal of a hydrogen atom form a molecule.

30
Q

Proton gradient

A

A difference in proton (H+ ion) concentration across a membrane.

31
Q

Protein-motive force

A

A force that moves protons because of a chemical gradient (often referred to as an electrochemical gradient) of protons across a membrane.

32
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

A process in which ATP is synthesized using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme.

33
Q

Alcohol fermentation

A

A process in which pyruvate is decarboxylated, producing a molecule each of CO2 and of ethanol, and an NAD+.

34
Q

Lactate fermentation

A

A process in which pyruvate reacts with NADH and is converted directly into lactate and regenerates NAH+.

35
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

An organism that makes its own food using energy from the sun.

36
Q

Light-dependent reactions

A

The first stage of photosynthesis, during which water molecules are split as light energy is absorbed and transformed into chemical energy in ATP and NADPH.

37
Q

Calvin cycle

A

The second stage of the photosynthesis process that uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 to sugars.

38
Q

Primary electron acceptor

A

A molecule capable of accepting electrons and becoming reduced during photosynthesis.

39
Q

Antenna complex

A

A cluster of light-absorbing pigments embedded in the thylakoid membrane able to capture and transfer energy to special chlorophyll a molecules in the reaction centre.

40
Q

Reaction centre

A

A complex of proteins and pigments that contains the primary electron acceptor.

41
Q

Absorption spectrum

A

A plot of the amount of light energy of various wavelengths that a substance absorbs.

42
Q

Action spectrum

A

A plot of the effectiveness of light energy of different wavelengths in driving a chemical process.

43
Q

Photosystem I

A

A collection of pigment proteins that includes chlorophyll a and absorbs light at the 700 nm wavelength.

44
Q

Photosystem II

A

A collection of pigment proteins that includes chlorophyll a and absorbs light at the 680 nm wavelength.

45
Q

Thylakoid membrane

A

Internal membrane arranged in flattened sacs.

46
Q

Grana

A

Stacks of thylakoid membranes.

Singular: granum

47
Q

Stroma

A

Semiliquid substance surrounding thylakoid membranes.

48
Q

Photon

A

A particle of light; smallest unit of light; acts as a discrete bundle of energy.

49
Q

Photoelectric effect

A

Removal of an electron from a molecule by light; occurs when photons transfer energy to electrons.

50
Q

Pigments

A

Molecules that absorb visible light.

51
Q

Chlorophyll a

A

Primary pigment in plants and cyanobacteria; absorbs violet-blue and red light.

52
Q

Chlorophyll b

A

Secondary pigment absorbing light wavelengths that chlorophyll a does not absorb.

53
Q

Accessory pigments

A

Secondary pigments absorbing light wavelengths other than those absorbed by chlorophyll a.
Ex. Chlorophyl b and carotenoids

54
Q

b6-f complex

A

A series of electron carriers; electron carrier molecules are embedded in the thylakoid membrane.

55
Q

Carbon fixation

A

The incorporation of CO2 into organic molecules.

Biology 12 (7 decks)

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