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Biology 12 > UPGRADE: Homeostasis > Flashcards

UPGRADE: Homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

Homeostasis

A

The physiological state of the body in which internal physical and chemical conditions are kept within a range that is suitable for life processes.

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2
Q

Internal environment

A

The extracellular fluid, which consists of the fluid that surrounds the cells and tissues in the body and the plasma portion of the blood.

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3
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

The fluid that surrounds the body cells.

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4
Q

Homeostatic mechanism

A

A system that monitors internal and external conditions and changes bodily functions to maintain homeostasis.

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5
Q

Negative feedback

A

The response of a system that acts to maintain equilibrium by compensating for any changes made to the system.

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6
Q

Set point

A

The optimal value for a given variable of a system.

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7
Q

Positive feedback

A

The response of a system that acts to increase the effect of any changes made to the system.

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8
Q

Nephron

A

The tiny functional unit of the kidney that filters wastes from the blood.

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9
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

A small folded structure in the human kidney that encircles the glomerulus.

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10
Q

Glomerulus

A

A network of capillaries within the Bowman’s capsule that performs the first step in the filtration of blood.

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11
Q

Afferent arteriole

A

A vessel that supplies blood to the nephrons in the human kidney.

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12
Q

Efferent arteriole

A

A vessel that carries away filtered blood from the nephrons in the human kidney.

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13
Q

Peritubular capillaries

A

A net of capillaries in the nephrons that reabsorb essential ions and minerals from filtered blood.

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14
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule

A

Th duct portion of a nephron that connects the Bowman’s capsule to the loop of Henle.

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15
Q

Loop of Henle

A

The U-shaped part of the duct that connects the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule.

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16
Q

Distal convoluted tubule

A

The duct portion of a nephron that connects the loop of Henle to the ducts that lead to the renal pelvis.

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17
Q

Filtration

A

The process in which blood and fluid pass through a selectively permeable membrane.

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18
Q

Reabsorption

A

The transfer of water, ions, and nutrients back to the interstitial fluid via passive and active transport.

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19
Q

Aquaporin

A

A membrane protein that passively transports water molecules.

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20
Q

Secretion

A

The removal of waste materials from the blood and intercellular fluid.

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21
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

Balance achieved within an environment resulting from internal control mechanisms that continuously oppose outside forces that tend to change that environment.

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22
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

The pressure that results from a difference in solute concentration between the two sides of a selectively permeable membrane.

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23
Q

Hyperosmotic

A

The property of the solution on one side of a selectively permeable membrane that has the lower concentration of water.

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24
Q

Hypoosmotic

A

The property of the solution on one side of a selectively permeable membrane that has the higher concentration of water.

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25
Q

Isoosmotic

A

The property of the two solution s that have equal water concentrations.

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26
Q

Osmoregulation

A

The process of actively regulating the osmotic pressure of bodily fluids and cells.

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27
Q

Islets of Langerhans

A

Endocrine cell clusters inside the pancreas that produce insulin and glucagon.

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28
Q

Hypothalamus

A

The region of the brain hat releases hormones to control the pituitary gland, which in turn, controls other endocrine glands.

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29
Q

Neurohormone

A

A hormone produced by neurons, such as in the hypothalamus, that controls the production of other hormones in the pituitary gland.

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30
Q

Thyroid gland

A

An endocrine gland located in the throat that is regulated by the hypothalamus-pituitary system.

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31
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

A hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands that controls calcium and phosphate levels in the blood.

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32
Q

Gonads

A

Glands responsible for the production of sex hormones, as well as the egg and sperm cells; called testes in males and ovaries in females.

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33
Q

Androgens

A

Predominantly male sex hormones, including testosterone, that control sexual development and reproduction.

34
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

A hormones released by the hypothalamus that controls the release of LH and FSH from the anterior pituitary, which in turn, control the synthesis and release of the male of female sexy hormones in the gonads.

35
Q

Oogenesis

A

The production of eggs, or ova, from oocytes in the ovaries by 2 meiotic divisions.

36
Q

Menopause

A

The end of a female’s reproductive capability, after which menstruation ceases and female hormone levels drop.

37
Q

Menstral cycle

A

The monthly cycle of events in a sexually mature female that prepares the uterus for the implantation of a fertilized egg.

38
Q

Neuron

A

A nerve cell that is capable of conducting nerve impulses.

39
Q

Nerual signalling

A

The reception, transmission and integration of nerve impulses by neurons, and the response to these impulses.

40
Q

Afferent neuron

A

A neuron that carries impulses from sensory receptors to the central nervous system; also called a sensory neuron.

41
Q

Interneuron

A

A local circuit neuron of the CNS that relays impulses between afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) neurons.

42
Q

Efferent neuron

A

A neuron that caries impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles; also known as a motor neuron.

43
Q

Dendrite

A

A projection of cytosol that carries signals toward that nerve cell body.

44
Q

Axon

A

An extension of cytosol that carries nerve signals away from the nerve cell body.

45
Q

Glial cell

A

A non-conducting cell that is important for the structural support and metabolism of nerve cells.

46
Q

Myelin sheath

A

An insulated covering over the axon of a nerve cell.

47
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

A regularly occurring gap between sections of myelin sheath along the axon.

48
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

The body’s coordinating center for mechanical and chemical actions; made up of the brain and spinal cord.

49
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

All parts of the nervous system, excluding the brain and spinal cord; relays information between the CNS and other parts of the body.

50
Q

Afferent system

A

The component of the PNS that receives input through receptors and transmit the input to the CNS.

51
Q

Efferent system

A

The component of the PNS that carries signals away to the effectors.

52
Q

Somatic system

A

A subdivision of the efferent system (within the PNS); composed of efferent (motor) neurons that carry signals to skeletal muscles in response to external stimuli.

53
Q

Autonomic system

A

A subdivision of the efferent system (within the PNS); regulates the internal environment.

54
Q

Sympathetic division

A

One of the two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system; increases energy consumption and prepares the body for action.

55
Q

Parasympathetic division

A

One of the two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system; stimulates body activities that acquire and conserve energy.

56
Q

Membrane potential

A

The electrical potential o a membrane, which is caused by an imbalance of charges on either side of the membrane.

57
Q

Ion channel

A

A protein embedded in the plasma membrane that allows ions to pass through it.

58
Q

Resting potential

A

The voltage, or electrical potential difference across a nerve cell membrane of an unstimulated neuron; usually negative (-70mV).

59
Q

Action potential

A

The voltage difference across a nerve cell membrane when the nerve is excited.

60
Q

Threshold potential

A

The potential at which an action potential is generated by a neuron.

61
Q

Refractory period

A

The period of time during which the threshold required for the generation of an action potential is much higher than normal.

62
Q

Synapse

A

A functional collection between neurons or between neurons and effectors.

63
Q

Chemical synapse

A

A synapse in which a neurotransmitter moves from a presynaptic cell to a postsynaptic cell through the synaptic cleft.

64
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

A chemical that is released from vesicles into synapses to facilitate nerve signal transmission.

65
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A

The tiny cap between presynaptic and postsynaptic cells in a chemical synapse, across which the neurotransmitter diffuses.

66
Q

Neural circuit

A

The coordination of the receptor, afferent neuron, interneuron, efferent neuron and effector in response to a stimulus.

67
Q

Reflex arc

A

A neural circuit that travels through the spinal cord but does not require the coordination of the brain; allows for reflex action.

68
Q

Meninges

A

3 layers of connective tissue that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord.

69
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

Circulating fluid that surrounds the membranes of the brain and spinal cord; provides neural connection to the endocrine system.

70
Q

Grey matter

A

The tissue of the brain and spinal cord where the cell bodies and dendrites of neurons are located.

71
Q

White matter

A

The tissue of the brain and spinal cord, composed primarily of axons of neurons; in the spinal cord, it surrounds the grey matter.

72
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

The hindbrain region that connects the spinal cord to the cerebellum; important autonomic nerve control.

73
Q

Cerebellum

A

The hindbrain region that is involved in muscle movement and balance.

74
Q

Pons

A

The brain region that transfers nerve signals between the cerebellum and the medulla.

75
Q

Cerebrum

A

The brain region that is involved in motor activities and sensory information; the largest and most developed region of the brain.

76
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

The outermost layer of the cerebral hemispheres.

77
Q

Thalamus

A

The brain region that interprets sensory input and signals the cerebrum.

78
Q

Blood-brain barrier

A

A barrier by tight junctions between endothelial cells in the capillaries in the brain that blocks the movement of most substances into the brain via the bloodstream.

79
Q

Spinal nerves

A

The 31 pairs of nerves within the somatic system that transmit motor, sensory and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the rest of the body.

80
Q

Cranial nerves

A

The 12 pairs of nerves within the parasympathetic division of the autonomic system, which emerge directly from the brain and serve the head, neck and body trunk.

81
Q

Substantia gelatinosa (SG)

A

A band of grey matter in the spinal cord that, when stimulated, produces a neurotransmitter that communicates with an injured region of the body; a simultaneous signal to the brain results in the perception of pain.

Biology 12 (7 decks)

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